Quantum Computing

● Harnesses the laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems too complex for classical computers.

● Subfield of physics that describes the behavior of particles — atoms, electrons, photons, and almost everything in the molecular and submolecular realm.

● While today’s classical computers store information as binary 0 and 1 states, quantum computers draw on the fundamental laws of nature to carry out calculations using quantum bits.

● A qubit can be in a combination of states, which allows for exponentially larger calculations and gives them the potential to solve complex problems.

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IBM India’s Initiatives around Quantum Computing-

● Qiskit Challenge - open-source software development kit built by IBM.

● IBM Quantum Educators Programme - IBM is collaborating with leading educational institutions in India.

➔ Faculty and Students will be able to access IBM Quantum systems, quantum learning resources and quantum tools.

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POP-FAME

● A fuel from a bacterium.

● It has more energy than the rocket fuels .

● Has energy density values more than 50 megajoules per litre, against 32 MJ for petrol and 35 MJ for RP-1, which is a rocket fuel based on kerosene.

● POP FAME stands for Polycyclopropanated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester.

 

●POP-FAME have higher energy densities, as compared to Syntin Fuel. Thus, even a small quantity of fuel can have considerable energy.

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Grievance Redressal Index 2022

● Published by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG). 

● Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has topped amongst all Ministries/ Departments for resolving Public Grievances. 

● UIDAI has been a top performer in resolution of cases received through the Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS). 

● Dimensions of index:

1) Timely Disposal of Grievance Redressal

2) Quality Disposal of Grievance Redressal

🔴Extra_Shots

- About UIDAI 

● Statutory authority established in 2009. 

● Works under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. 

●UIDAI is mandated to assign a 12-digit unique identification (UID) number (Aadhaar) to all the residents of India.

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D-8 Nation:

● D-8, also known as Developing-8, is an arrangement for development cooperation among the following member countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Turkey 

● It’s headquarter in Istanbul, Turkey 

● The establishment of D-8 was announced officially through the Istanbul Declaration of Summit of Heads of State/Government in 1997 to increase cooperation among major Muslim developing countries.

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Shoonya campaign

● NITI Aayog has recently hosted the inaugural edition of Shoonya Forum in Delhi

● It wad launched by NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) with RMI India’s 

● Aims to promote the use of EVs for ride hailing and delivery services and minimise air pollution caused by these services.

● Campaign has 130 industry partners, including ride-hailing, delivery and EV companies.

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Living Planet Report 2022

● Released by: World Wildlife Fund for nature(WWF)

● It is published every two years since 1998.

● It is a comprehensive study of trends in global biodiversity and health of the planet. 

● It tracks changes in the relative abundance of wild species populations across the globe.

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State of the World’s Forests” (SOFO)

● It is the flagship publication of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

● Published every two years

● Report presents an analysis of the interaction between forests and people, with a focus on a specific pertinent topic. 

● It explains the importance of forests to the global economy and biodiversity.

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Emissions Gap Report 2022-The Closing Window” - BY UNEP

-measure the difference between countries’ pledges to cut emissions and the amount of cutting needed to keep the rise in global temperature below 2°C by the year 2100.

-Report warned that the world is falling short of achieving the goals set under the 2015 Paris Agreement 

-Implementation of current climate pledges will only reduce this to a 2.4 to 2.6°C temperature rise by the end of this century.

-Report recommended remedial actions in 6 areas – electricity supply, industry, transport and building sectors, and food and financial systems.

-It estimates that the global transformation to a low-carbon economy would require 4 to 6 trillion USD in investment each year.

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Forest Declaration Assessment 2022

The Forest Declaration Assessment (formerly the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) Progress Assessment) is an independent, civil society-led initiative to assess progress toward the global goals of

halting deforestation and restoring 350 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 as set out in international declarations such as the New York Declaration on Forests (2014) and the Glasgow Leaders’Declaration on Forests and Land Use (2021). 

-In 2021, deforestation rates have declined at the global level by 6.3 per cent compared to 2018-20 baseline.

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Paleogenomics

– a branch of science dealing with the reconstruction and analysis of genomic information obtained extinct species.

Paleontology 

-is the study of the history of life on Earth as reflected in the fossil record. Fossils are the remains or traces of organisms (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other single-celled living things) that lived in the geological past and are preserved in the crust of the Earth.

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Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022

-by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) have released

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).

- Title - “Unpacking deprivation bundles to reduce multidimensional poverty”.

-The incidence of poverty declined from 55.1 per cent to 16.4 per cent over the past 15 years.

-India still has the highest number of poor people in the world and Nigeria has the second-highest poor population.

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Interpol

- promotes global cooperation in policing and crime control. 

-Established in 1923, it is the oldest international police organization. 

-India joined in 1949. 

- 3 major areas of transnational crime – terrorism, cybercrime, and organized crime.

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Environment Performance Index

● Released biennially and started in 2002

● It is an international ranking system that measures environmental health and sustainability of countries.

● Released by WEF and Columbian Yale University

● India ranks 177ᵗʰ(2018) → I 68ᵗʰ(2020) →180ᵗʰ(2022)

Denmark tops the 2022 rankings

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PARAKH

PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)

- launched by All-India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)

- will conduct assessments of students and faculty members of higher educational institutes and schools.

- part of the National Education Policy (NEP) proposal.

- It will establish norms, standards and guidelines for assessment and evaluation for all recognized school boards of India.

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PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Successfully launched the “PSLV Orbital Experimental Module” (POEM).

●POEM → Perform in-orbit experiments through the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket.

●It is a four-stage rocket.

●POEM is carrying six payloads → Out of which Two are from Indian space start-ups Digantara and Dhruva Space.

●Comprises a dedicated Navigation Guidance and Control (NGC) system for attitude stabilisation.

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PSLV 

→ Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the third generation launch vehicle of India.

→ First Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages.

→The vehicle successfully launched two spacecraft – Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013

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TiHAN: First Autonomous Navigation Facility-

● Ministry of Science & Technology has inaugurated “Technology Innovation Hub on Autonomous Navigation” or TiHAN in IIT Hyderabad.

● First “Autonomous Navigation” facility.

● Multidisciplinary initiative → making India a global player in the futuristic and next-generation “Smart Mobility” technology.

● Will provide a unique platform for high quality research between academia, industry and R&D labs both at the national and international level.

● One of the 25 technology innovation hubs under National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS).

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National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) - 

→ Implemented by Department of Science &Technology under Ministry of Science and Technology

→ The Mission has 4 major objectives:

1. Technology Development;

2. HRD & Skill Development;

3. Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Start-ups Ecosystem Development;

4. International Collaborations.

 Cyber-Physical Systems

→ Integrate sensing, computation, control and networking into physical objects and infrastructure.

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Fast Radio Burst (FRB)

●Brief and intense flashes of radio frequency emissions, whose from frequencies range from 300 gigahertz (GHz) to as low as 9 kilohertz (kHz).

●Such flashes typically last for milliseconds.

●These bursts are generated by a magnetar, which is a neutron star having a very strong magnetic field emitting radio wave.

●Emit electromagnetic energy in the form of bursts of radio pulses.

●Origins of FRBs are unknown, and their appearance is unpredictable.

●FRBs are triggered by explosive events like a supernova or collision of two compact objects such as neutron star and black hole.

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India successfully test-fires VL-SRSAM

● VL-SRSAM is a quick reaction surface-to-air-missile.

● Indigenously designed and developed for Indian Navy, by DRDO.

● Developed to neutralise aerial threats at close ranges, including the sea-skimming targets.

● Has an operational range of 50 kms.

●Has been designed for striking at high-speed and airborne targets at 40 km to 50 km ranget and altitude of 15km.

●Other Surface to Air missilews of India: Akash, Akash NG, Trishul, Maitri.

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International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies

● Observed every year on September 7

● Day is facilitated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

● Theme of 2022 - ‘The Air We Share‘

● This day first time established at the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2019

● Co-ordinating partners of the day UNEP and Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC).

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Carbon Bombs ।।

● It is “an oil or gas project that will result in at least a billion tonnes of CO2 emissions over its lifetime.” as per Definition given by the Guardian

● Group of environmentalists, lawyers, and activists have come together to identify and ‘defuse this carbon bombs

● Around 195 such projects have been identified world over, including in the US, Russia, West Asia, Australia and India.

Leave It In the Ground Initiative (LINGO)

● Network working towards this goal of ‘defusing’ carbon bombs is called Leave It In the Ground Initiative (LINGO)

● Its mission is to “leave fossil fuels in the ground and learn to live without them.”

● LINGO aims to organise ground support for protesting against coal projects, challenge them through litigation, and conduct analysis and studies for the same

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पर्यावरणीय अति-महत्वपूर्ण वनलाइनर तथ्य ।।

✍️ - नॉक-नी सिंड्रोम फ्लोराइड्स के प्रदूषण के कारण होता है।

✍️ - हाइड्रोजन ईंधन सेल वाहन उत्सर्जक के रूप में वाटर पैदा करते हैं।

✍️ - अधिकतर रेगिस्तानी पौधे रात के समय पुष्पित होते हैं क्योंकि रेगिस्तानी कीड़े रात के समय सक्रिय होते हैं। 

✍️ - पौधे नाइट्रोजन को नाइट्रेट के रूप में ग्रहण करते हैं।

✍️ - कोरिंगा मैंग्रोव क्षेत्र गोदावरी नदी के डेल्टा पर अवस्थित है।

✍️ - स्थलीय पारिस्थितिक तंत्र का उपभाग हैं – पर्वत पारिस्थितिक तंत्र, निम्न स्थलीय पारिस्थितिक तंत्र, अर्ध-शुष्क पारिस्थितिक तंत्र। बेस्ट स्टडी चैनल-स्टडी फॉर सिविल सर्विसेज

✍️ - राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों की सबसे अधिक संख्या मध्य प्रदेश में हैं। वन्यजीव अभ्यारण्यों की सबसे अधिक संख्या अण्डमान एवं निकोबार द्वीप समूह में है।

✍️ - भारत सरकार ने ‘प्रोटेक्शन ऑफ प्लांट वेरायटीज एण्ड फार्मर्स राइट अधिनियम’ वर्ष 2001 में पारित किया।

✍️ - “वनस्पति जलवायु का सही मापदण्ड है” यह कथन कोपेन का है।

✍️ - खैर वृक्ष उपोष्ण कटिबन्धीय वनों में पाया जाता है।

✍️ - वायु प्रदूषण का प्रभाव प्रायः पत्तियों पर पाया जाता है।

Most Important Onliners Facts related to Environment

✍️ -Knock-knee syndrome is caused by contamination of fluorides.

✍️ - Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles produce water as a emitter.

✍️ -Most desert plants flower at night because desert insects are active during the night.

✍️ -Plants take up nitrogen in the form of nitrates.

✍️ -The Coringa mangrove area is located on the delta of the Godavari river.

✍️ - Terrestrial ecosystems have sub-divisions – mountain ecosystems, low terrestrial ecosystems, semi-arid ecosystems. best study channel-study for civil services

✍️ -Madhya Pradesh has the largest number of national parks. Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the largest number of wildlife sanctuaries.

✍️ -The Government of India passed the 'Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Right Act' in the year 2001.

✍️ -"Vegetation is the correct measure of climate" is the statement of Koppen.

✍️ -Khair tree is found in sub-tropical forests.

✍️ - The effect of air pollution is usually found on the leaves.

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आजादी के बाद की भारतीय कला यात्रा पर प्रदर्शनी 1 नवंबर से:

➡️आजादी के बाद की देश की कला यात्रा पर केंद्रित एक प्रदर्शनी यहां एक नवंबर से शुरु हो रही है जिसमें एम. एफ. हुसैन, एस. एच. रज़ा, राम कुमार और अन्य कलाकारों की कलाकृतियों प्रदर्शित की जाएंगी।

➡️पिछले 75 वर्षों में भारतीय कलाकारों पर आधारित प्रदर्शनी "कलर्स ऑफ फ़्रीडम" यहां इंडिया हैबिटेट सेंटर नई दिल्ली (आईएचसी) में 1 नवंबर से शुरु होगी जिसमें 53 दिग्गज और समकालीन कलाकारों को शामिल किया जाएगा।

➡️सेंटर ऑफ इंटरनेशनल मॉडर्न आर्ट (सीआईएमए), कोलकाता द्वारा आयोजित इस प्रदर्शनी का मकसद स्वतंत्रता के 75 वर्षों के दौरान कलाकृतियों की एक झलक दिखाना है।

➡️सीआईएमए की निदेशक राखी सरकार ने एक बयान में कहा कि 1947 के बाद की पीढ़ियों में 50 से अधिक प्रमुख कलाकारों की कृतियों को इस प्रदर्शनी में शामिल किया गया है।

➡️बयान के अनुसार 10 दिवसीय इस शो में सोमनाथ होरे, भूपेन खाखर, सनत कार, मंजीत बावा, अर्पिता सिंह, परमजीत सिंह, गणेश पाइन, जोगेन चौधरी, लालू प्रसाद शॉ और परेश मैती जैसे कलाकारों की कृतियों का भी प्रदर्शन किया जाएगा।

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Marginal Standing Facility

📚Definition: Marginal standing facility (MSF) is a window for banks to borrow from the Reserve Bank of India in an emergency situation when inter-bank liquidity dries up completely.

Description: Banks borrow from the central bank by pledging government securities at a rate higher than the repo rate under liquidity adjustment facility or LAF in short. The MSF rate is pegged 100 basis points or a percentage point above the repo rate. Under MSF, banks can borrow funds up to one percentage of their net demand and time liabilities (NDTL).

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF BOND 🔘

🔸PERPETUAL BONDS:- These types of bonds pay a coupon rate on the face value till the life of the company. Though Perpetuity means forever, bonds with maturity above 100 years are also considered to be perpetual bonds.

🔸CONVERTIBLE BONDS:- Convertible bonds are a special variety of bonds which have an inbuilt feature of being converted to equity shares at a specified time at a pre-set conversion price.

🔸FOREIGN CURRENCY CONVERTIBLE BONDS:- Foreign currency convertible bond is a special type of bond issued in the currency other than the home currency. In other words, companies issue foreign currency convertible bonds to raise money in foreign currency.

🔸EXCHANGEABLE BONDS:- These bonds are similar to the convertible bonds but differ in one aspect that they can be exchanged for equity shares but not of the issuer. These can be exchanged for equity shares of another company which the issuer may have stakeholding.

🔸CALLABLE BONDS:- Bonds that are issued with a specific feature where the issuer has the right to call back the bonds at a pre-agreed price and a pre-fixed date are called as callable bonds. Since these bonds allow a benefit to the issuer to repay off the liability before maturity, these bonds usually offer a coupon rate higher than a normal straight coupon-bearing bond.

🔸PUTTABLE BONDS:- Bonds that are issued with a specific feature where the bondholder has the right to return back the bonds at a pre-fixed date before maturity are called as puttable bonds. Since these bonds allow a benefit to the bondholders to ask for the principal repayment before maturity, these bonds usually offer a coupon rate lower than a normal straight coupon-bearing bond.

🔸TREASURY STRIPS:- In the US, Government dealer firms usually break down a coupon-bearing bond into a series of zero coupon bonds by considering each cash flow as a separate bond. For example, a 5-year semiannual coupon-bearing bond can be split into 10 zero coupon bonds with coupon amount as face value and 1 zero coupon bond with principal amount as the face value. The bond stripping usually is done to increase liquidity and facilitate easy tradability.

🔸YANKEE BONDS:- A dollar-denominated bond issued in the US by an issuer who is outside the US is called as Yankee bond.

🔸SAMURAI BONDS:- A yen-denominated bond issued in Japan by an issuer who is outside Japan is called as Samurai bond.

🔸Shogun Bonds: A non-Yen denominated bond issued in Japan by an issuer who is outside Japan is called as Shogun bond.

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The Monetary Policy Process

➖Section 45ZB of the amended RBI Act, 1934 also provides for an empowered six-member monetary policy committee (MPC) to be constituted by the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette. Accordingly, the Central Government in September 2016 constituted the MPC as under:

1. Governor of the Reserve Bank of India – Chairperson, ex officio;

2. Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, in charge of Monetary Policy – Member, ex officio;

3. One officer of the Reserve Bank of India to be nominated by the Central Board – Member, ex officio;

4. Shri Chetan Ghate, Professor, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) – Member;

5. Professor Pami Dua, Director, Delhi School of Economics – Member; and

6. Dr. Ravindra H. Dholakia, Professor, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad – Member.

(Members referred to at 4 to 6 above, will hold office for a period of four years or until further orders, whichever is earlier.)

➖The MPC determines the policy interest rate required to achieve the inflation target. The first meeting of the MPC was held on October 3 and 4, 2016 in the run up to the Fourth Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement, 2016-17.

➖The Reserve Bank’s Monetary Policy Department (MPD) assists the MPC in formulating the monetary policy. Views of key stakeholders in the economy, and analytical work of the Reserve Bank contribute to the process for arriving at the decision on the policy repo rate.

➖The Financial Markets Operations Department (FMOD) operationalises the monetary policy, mainly through day-to-day liquidity management operations. The Financial Markets Committee (FMC) meets daily to review the liquidity conditions so as to ensure that the operating target of monetary policy (weighted average lending rate) is kept close to the policy repo rate.

➖Before the constitution of the MPC, a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) on monetary policy with experts from monetary economics, central banking, financial markets and public finance advised the Reserve Bank on the stance of monetary policy. However, its role was only advisory in nature. With the formation of MPC, the TAC on Monetary Policy ceased to exist.

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Banking Awareness Study Notes 🔰

➡️FCNR (Foreign Currency Non-Resident) Account

An account that can be opened with an Indian bank by a Non Resident Indian or a Person of Indian Origin in foreign currency is FCNR (B) account. The letter B in FCNR (B) stands for the word ‘Bank’. It is an account that allows the NRI to keep his deposits in foreign currency. Hassles of conversion can be reduced through such types of accounts.

💎Salient features of an FCNR account

➖FCNR is a foreign currency-denominated account.

➖FCNR is not a savings account. It is a term deposit with a minimum tenure of 1 year and a maximum of 5 years. 

➖Interest income on FCNR accounts in nontaxable in India.

➖Both principal and interest are freely repatriable in your resident country.

➖It is possible to avail both rupee and foreign currency loans against your FCNR deposits.

💎Currencies are permitted under the FCNR scheme

According to the latest RBI circular in October 2011, FCNR permitted currencies are the ones that are freely convertible. These include the US Dollar, Pound Sterling, Euro, Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Swiss Franc, Singapore Dollar, Danish Krone, and Hong Kong Dollar among others. 

💎 FCNR loan

An FCNR loan is a loan in foreign currency that is availed by NRIs or Indian corporates against an FCNR deposit at select Indian banks according to RBI guidelines.

💎 Benefits of holding an FCNR account

The benefits of holding an FCNR account are numerous. 

➖First and foremost, FCNR allows you to invest your earnings in the currency of your residence country. This helps you to protect yourself from the volatility of exchange rates.

➖Second, you don’t need to pay any income tax on your FCNR earnings in India. And the interest and principal are both freely repatriable.

➖Third, you can avail of a loan in any currency you want against your FCNR deposit.

💎Maximum and minimum tenure of FCNR deposits

The minimum tenure of an FCNR deposit is 1 year and the maximum is 5 years. If you withdraw within a year, no interest is paid. If it is withdrawn within the tenure, a penalty may or may not be levied depending on the bank.

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Consumer Price Index

A comprehensive measure used for estimation of price changes in a basket of goods and services representative of consumption expenditure in an economy is called consumer price index.

The calculation involved in the estimation of CPI is quite rigorous. Various categories and sub-categories have been made for classifying consumption items and on the basis of consumer categories like urban or rural. Based on these indices and sub indices obtained, the final overall index of price is calculated mostly by national statistical agencies. It is one of the most important statistics for an economy and is generally based on the weighted average of the prices of commodities. It gives an idea of the cost of living.

Inflation is measured using CPI. The percentage change in this index over a period of time gives the amount of inflation over that specific period, i.e. the increase in prices of a representative basket of goods consumed.

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SVAMITVA Scheme - An Integrated Property Validation Solution for Rural India

✅ Hon'ble PM  Narendra Modi launched the SVAMITVA Scheme (Survey of Villages Abadi and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) on National Panchayat Day 24th April 2020 with the aim of survey of inhabited areas of villages using technology to provide an integrated solution for property validation in rural India.

The scheme's intent is to provide the 'record of rights' to village household owners so that they can use their houses as financial assets to take loans and other financial benefits from Banks.

🔷Objective of SVAMITVA Scheme
➖ To maintain accurate land records for rural development planning.
➖ To reduce property disputes, legal cases, and false land acquisition of rural India.
➖ To bring financial stability to the people of rural India by enabling them to use their property as a financial asset for taking loans and other financial benefits.
➖ Creation of survey infrastructure and GIS maps that can be leveraged by any department for their use.
➖ To prepare better-quality Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) by using GIS maps.
➖ The program is currently being implemented in six states - Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The aim of the government is to cover all 6.62 lakh villages in the country by the end of financial year 2023-24.

🔷Details of SVAMITVA Scheme
➖ The scheme is funded by the Central Government of India and Rs 79.65 crores have been allotted for the pilot phase of the project in about 1 lakh villages across 8 states.
➖ Under this scheme SVAMITVA Property cards will be issued to the landowners by the Government authorities, these property cards have all the records of the land owned by the landowners.
➖ The residential area of the village is demarcated and each rural property is marked with limestone (chunna). ➖ Then, drones are used for large scale mapping of rural abadi areas. Based on these images, a GIS database is created, and village maps — Gram Manchitra — are drawn.
➖ Drone Surveying technology and Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) will be used for demarcation of rural residential areas.
➖ The mapping of areas using drones will done gradually in different phases for a period of 4 years, starting from 2020, and ending in 2024.


🔷Benefits of SVAMITVA Scheme
➖ A clarity on property rights/ownership will be attained through this project.
➖ No illegal attempt of land acquisition of someone else’s property in the village will be practiced once documents are gathered and strict rules are implemented.
➖ Through regular inspections, and survey via drones will give the Government and the authorities a clearer idea of the land/property distribution.
➖ The SVAMITVA Property card can also be used as a temporary identity for the land-owners and land records.
➖ Official documents for the property will be provided to the land owners so that they can use it for further financial purposes.


🔷Scheme Implementation Process
➖ Drone Survey.
➖ Chunna Marking.
➖ Mapping
➖ Data processing.
➖ Final Map generation.
➖ Property card preparation.
➖ Property card distribution.

The Government is constantly working for the development of the rural Indian population and the  SVAMITVA Scheme is also an initiative for the same which will definitely bring some change in Rural India.


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Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme 2015

✅ The Government of India introduced the Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme in November 2015, to offer investors an alternative to physical gold. Over the years, the market has witnessed a considerable decline in the demand for physical gold. SGBs are government securities and are considered safe.

If you are looking to purchase an SGB, all you have to do is approach a SEBI authorized agent or broker. When you redeemed the bond, the corpus (as per the current market value) will be deposited into your registered bank account.

🔷Basic Objective

India has an estimated 20,000 tonnes of gold lying idle with Indian households and institutions. Sovereign Gold Bond schemes aimed at bringing the gold lying with citizens into the economy, and reducing India’s dependence on gold imports.

🔷Features of Gold Bond Scheme

➖ SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold, wherein the basic unit is 1 gram. The minimum initial investment is 1 gram of gold, and the upper limit is 4 Kg of gold per individual investor. For entities such as trusts and universities, 20 Kg of gold is permissible. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity.

➖ Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme has a tenure of 8 years which can be withdrawn prematurely after 5 years on interest payment dates.

➖ The Bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of Government of India. They are substitutes for holding physical gold.

➖ The Bonds bear interest at the rate of 2.50 per cent (fixed rate) per annum on the amount of initial investment. Interest will be credited semiannually to the bank account of the investor and the last interest will be payable on maturity along with the principal.

➖ These Gold bonds can be purchased through multiple payment modes such as cheques, cash, DDs or electronic transfer.

➖ The Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme was launched under the Gold Monetization Scheme 2015.

🔷Who should Invest in SGB Scheme

➖ As a low-risk investment, it is perfect for investors with a low-risk appetite. As investor will get a guaranteed return of 2.5% plus current value of gold at the time of maturity.

➖ Those who want to invest in gold and do not want to take any risk of storing physical gold can also go for SGBs. This is because it is easy to store this in Demat form, and nobody can steal it as they are in electronic form.

🔷Who can apply for Sovereign Gold Bond 

➖ Any individual/association/trusts/HUFs having an Indian residency is eligible to invest in the Sovereign Gold Bond scheme. They can also jointly invest in these gold bonds as the eligibility criteria of the scheme.

➖ The benefits of this scheme can also be availed by the minors provided this bond is purchased by the parents on their behalf.

🔷Where to buy Sovereign Gold Bond

Investors can apply for the bonds through scheduled commercial banks and designated post offices. NBFCs, National Saving Certificate (NSC) agents and others, can act as agents and they are also traded on the Stock Exchange.

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Gilt Accounts

✅ A “Gilt Account” means an account opened and maintained for holding Government securities, by an entity or a person including ‘a person resident outside India’ with a “Custodian” permitted by the Reserve Bank of India to open and maintain Constituent Subsidiary General Ledger Account with the Public Debt Office of the Reserve Bank of India. However, in case of a ‘Person resident outside India, the activities in the operations/maintenance of Gilt Account shall be governed by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 2000 and the regulations

framed thereunder.

 A “Constituent” or a ‘Gilt Account Holder (GAH) means an entity or a person including ‘a person resident outside India’ maintaining a “Gilt Account” with a “Custodian”.

The GAHs permitted by RBI include NBFCs, Provident Funds, Pension Funds, Mutual Funds, Insurance Companies, Cooperative Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Trusts, Corporates, and Individuals etc. who are non-NDS members. A GAH is entitled to open only one Gilt Account having a unique account number with any of the Custodians. A declaration to that effect must be submitted by GAH to the Custodian and a copy thereof may be submitted to the RBI (Public Debt office, Mumbai). A GAH may also maintain a demat account with the Depositories through Depository Participant (DP) for facilitating retail trading in Government Securities through Stock Exchanges.

The Gilt Account Holder (GAH) is permitted to maintain a fund account with its Custodians or designate a fund account with a bank other than the Custodian specifically for settlement of Government Securities transactions, by making available all the details of the designated fund account to the Custodian. The Gilt Accounts are opened/maintained by Custodian shall satisfy the eligibility conditions for holding Government securities as specified in the General Notifications F.No. 4(9)-W&M/ 2000 dated 6th May 2002 and announcements by the RBI relating to investments by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs).

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Loro Accounts♻️

♻️ When a bank remits its foreign currency fund to a foreign bank for credit to an account of a third bank it is called a Loro account. It means Their money.

Loro accounts are generally held by a 3rd party bank, other than the account maintaining bank or with whom account is maintained.

For example, BOI wants to transact with HSBC, but doesn’t have any account, while SBI maintains an account with HSBC in U.K. Then BOI could use SBI account. (again may be).

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Ranakpur Adinatha Jain Temple

Ranakpur Adinatha Jain Temple located in Pali (Rajasthan) 90 KM away from Udaipur. 

Constructed in 1437-1458.

👌Over 1444 marble pillars, carved in exquisite detail, support the temple. The pillars are all differently carved and no two pillars are the same. It is also said that it is impossible to count the pillars. Also all the

statues face one or the other statue. There is one beautiful carving made out of a single marble rock where there 108 heads of snakes and numerous tails. One cannot find the end of the tails. The image faces all four cardinal directions. In the axis of the main entrance, on the western side, is the largest image.

Some Amazingly Beautiful Photos of Marble Art from inside Ranakpur Jain Template, (Rajasthan)

This temple was built in 1437- 1457

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Treasury bills or T-bills:

⏺ Treasury bills or T-bills are money market instruments and short term debt instruments issued by the Government of India.

✔️They are presently issued in three tenors, namely, 91 days, 182 days and 364 days. 

✔️Treasury bills are zero coupon securities and pay no interest. 

✔️They are issued at a discount and redeemed at the face value at maturity. The return to the investors is the difference between the maturity value or the face value and the issue price.

✔️The Reserve Bank of India conducts auctions usually every Wednesday to issue T-bills.

 ✔️Settlement for the T-bills auctioned is made on T+1 day i.e. on the working day following the trade day.

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Borobudur - Buddhist Model of the Universe, Indonesia

At 42 km from the city of Yogyakarta, among the rice fields and jungles of Java, on the slopes of an earthen hill rises a giant Buddhist temple - Borobudur.

Its terraces, steps and niches, forming spiral rows, make up a majestic pyramid 34 meters high, topped with a bell-shaped stupa. The Borobudur temple represents the model of the universe in Buddhist terms. The eight tiers of the temple represent the eight steps to enlightenment.

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स्त्री - पुरूष संबंध ।।

जब तक पुरुष के लिंग में तनाव है ,तब तक वो प्रेम नही दे सकता ।

अगर किसी स्त्री के पास पुरुष जाता भी है और ये कहता है कि मैं तेरे करीब इस कारण हु की मैं प्यार करता हूँ ,तो ये धोखा है ।गलत है ।

सेक्स शरीर की जरूरत है ,तो ये गलत नहीं है ।पर सेक्स को प्यार कहने की भूल से बचें।

ईमानदार होकर रहे ।अगर सेक्स करना है तो सामने वाले को साफ शब्दों में कहे ।और साथी से पहले ,खुद को स्पष्ठ कर ले कि मैं प्यार में हूं या वासना में !

औरत फूल की तरह कोमल होती है ।और फूल को रगड़कर ,नोचकर ,उसके शरीर पर निशान बनाकर या बाहर भीतर घिसकर ,प्यार नही किया जाता । स्त्री का शरीर और उसकी योनि की नसें ,बेहद संवेदनशील होती है ।बहुत ज्यादा बारीक होती है ।

आज जो महिलाए ,अपनी डॉक्टर के पास जा रही है ,उसका एक कारण ये भी है कि उनके शारीरिक सम्बन्धो में हिंसा है ।वासना के वेग के चलते ,न तो पुरुष को होश रहता और न स्त्री इतनी हिम्मत कर पाती की पुरुष को( न) कह सके ।

और फिर बच्चादानी में हजारो बीमारी लग जाती है ।महावारी में भयानक दर्द ,ocd ,pcod और पता नही क्या क्या ,सहन करना पड़ता है ।

पुरुष एक्टिव है स्वभाव से और स्त्री पैसिव !

इसलिए यहां पुरुष को समझना चाहिए कि पल भर की वासना के लिए किसी स्त्री का शरीर खराब न करें ।वैसे भी अगर सेक्स को भी धर्य और तरीके से किया जाए ,और एक ठहराव हो भीतर तो उसके परिणाम दोनों व्यक्तियों के लिए सुखद होते है ।और सन्तुष्टि भी मिलती है ।

लेकिन जोश में आकर अपनी शक्ति का प्रदर्शन करने वाले पुरुष ,कभी भी सन्तुष्टि को उपलब्ध नही होते ।

जो व्यक्ति विवाहित है ,उन्होंने अनुभव किया होगा कि सालो तक सेक्स करने पर भी उनके भीतर सेव इच्छा ज्यों की त्यों है ।

इसका कारण यही है कि उन्हें गहराई ही नही जानी कभी इस चीज की ।

45 मिनेट से पहले तो स्त्री का शरीर खुलता ही नही की वो तुम्हे अपनी बाहों में भरे ,या तुम्हे अनुमति दे कि तुम उसके भीतर प्रवेश करो ।

इसलिए फोरप्ले का इतना महत्व है ।और ठीक उसी तरह आफ्टरप्ले भी अर्थ रखता है कि तुम्हारी वजह से मैं जीवन ऊर्जा का आनंद ले पाया।

केवल पेनिट्रेशन को सेक्स समझने वाले ,बलात्कारी है ।अपने ही साथी का बल पूर्वक हरण करना ,बलात्कार ही होता है ।

आज जो 70 फीसदी महिला ऑर्गेज़्म से अनजान है ,उसका कारण सेक्स की अज्ञानता है । इस बात को अहंकार पर चोट न समझें ,बल्कि अपने आपको बेहतर बनाने का प्रयास करें ।अपनी महिला मित्र के पैर छुए ,उससे अनुमति लें ,उसके प्रति श्रद्धा भाव रखे ,और इस बात का ध्यान रखे कि उसे दर्द न दे ।आनंद दे ।

भले तुम दस मिनट ,आधे घण्टे का सेक्स कर लो ,पर औरत अछूती ही रह जाती है तुम्हारे स्पर्श से ,और तुम भी अधूरे ही लौटकर आते है । बहुत धीरे धीरे शरीर तैयार होता है ,बहुत धीरे धीरे वो द्वार खुलते है ,जब तुम्हे अनुमति मिले।

और ये सब समझने के लिए भीतर स्थिरता चाहिए ।और बिना मैडिटेशन के ये सम्भव नही ।

बिना मैडिटेशन जीवन उथला ही रहता है ।अगर गहराई चाहिए जीवन मे ,तो ध्यान बहुत जरूरी है ।

होश ,ठहराव ,स्थिरता ,धीरज ,प्रेम ,श्रद्धा 

ये सारे शब्द केवल ध्यान करने से ही जीवन में उतरेंगे ।

किताबे पढ़ने या ज्ञान सुनने से कुछ नहीं होगा ।

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Banking Term of the Day: Nostro Accounts🔰

Nostro Account is the account which a bank of a country holds in the bank of another country in the foreign currency and it helps the bank which is having the account in bank of another country by the way of simplifying the exchange and trading process for the foreign currencies.

In simple words, it refers to the foreign bank account established through the domestic bank in the respective country of the currency desired.

🏮Advantages

➖You can pay the money to a third party in your home currency without taking any exchange rate risk.

➖Easy to operate since it is a mere transfer of funds from one account to another in the same bank.

➖Enables to keep funds in foreign currency.

➖Reduces the excessive fluctuation risk in exchange rates since money is directly emitted to the other party without physically been there.

🏮Disadvantages

➖A lesser rate of interest as compared to savings or current account.

➖Generally more expensive since it is a facility provided by the home bank to execute foreign exchange transactions smoothly.

➖Rigorous regulations and laws imposed for the operation of the Nostro account by the federal bank.

➖Open to cyberattacks which can have a huge impact on the cash reserves of the bank if the same are hacked.

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Commonwealth Games 2022 :-

◾️Some Important Facts About CWG 2022 :-

♦️Date : 28 July - 8 August 2022.

♦️Host City : Birmingham, England.

♦️Main venue : Alexander Stadium.

♦️Nations Participating : 72.

♦️Athletes Participating : 5,054.

♦️Events : 280 In 20 Sports.

♦️Motto : Sport is the beginning of all.

♦️Mascot : Perry.

◾️Top 5 Counties Of Commonwealth 2022 :-

                               G : S. : B. = Total

1] Australia : 67 : 57 : 54 = 178

2] England. : 57 : 66 : 53. = 176

3] Canada : 26 : 32 : 34 = 92

4] India. : 22 : 16 : 23. = 61

5] New Zealand : 20 : 12 : 17 = 49

◾️Medal Tally Of India 2022 :-

#Gold_22_Medal

♦️Mirabai Chanu : Weightlifting : 49kg : Manipur.

♦️Jeremy Lairinnunga : Weightlifting : 67kg : Mizoram.

♦️Achinta Sheuli : Weightlifting : 73kg : West Bengal.

♦️Sudhir : Heavyweight [Para Powerlifting] : Haryana.

♦️Deepak Punia : Wrestling : 68kg : Haryana.

♦️Ravi Dahiya : Wrestling : 57kg : Haryana.

♦️Bajrang Punia : Wrestling : 65kg : Haryana.

♦️Sakshi Malik : Freestyle Wrestling : 62kg : Haryana.

♦️Vinesh Phogat : Wrestling : 53kg : Haryana.

♦️Naveen Kumar : Wrestling : 74kg.

♦️Bhavina Patel : Table Tennis [Para] : Gujarat.

♦️Amit Panghal : Boxing : 51kg : Haryana.

♦️Nitu Ghanghas : Boxing : 48kg : Haryana.

♦️Eldhose Paul : Triple Jump : Kerala.

♦️Nikhat Zareen : Boxing : Andhra Pradesh.

♦️P. V. Sindhu : Badminton : Women’s Single : Telangana.

♦️Sharath Kamal [Tamil Nadu] & Sreeja Akula [Telangana]. Table Tennis : Mixed Double :

♦️Lakshya Sen : Badminton : Men's Single : Uttrakhand.

♦️Satwikraj Ranireddy [ Andhra Pradesh] & Chirag Shetty [Maharashtra] : Badminton : Men's Double.

♦️Achanta Sharath Kamal : Table Tennis : Men's Single : Tamil Nadu.

♦️Lovely Choubey, Rupa Rani, Nayanmoni Saikia & Pinki : Lawn Bowls.

♦️Sunil Chetri, Sharath Kamal, Sathiyan Gnanasekaran & Harmeet Desai : Table Tennis.

#Silver_16_Medals

♦️Sanket Sarkar : Weightlifting : 55kg : West Bengal.

♦️Bidyarani Devi : Weightlifting : 55kg : Manipur.

♦️Likmabam S Devi : Judo : 48kg : Manipur.

♦️Vikas Thakur : Weightlifting : 96kg : Punjab.

♦️Tulika Maan : Judo : 78kg : Delhi.

♦️Murali Sreeshankar : Long Jump : Kerala.

♦️Anshu Malik : Wrestling : 57kg : Haryana.

♦️Avinash Sable : Steeplechase : Maharashtra.

♦️Priyanka Goswami : Walk : Uttar Pradesh.

♦️A. Aboobacker : Triple Jump : Kerala.

♦️Sagar Ahlawat : Boxing : 92+kg : Haryana.

♦️Indian Women’s Cricket Team.

♦️Indian Men's Hockey Team.

♦️Sharath & Sathiyan : Double Table Tennis : Both Tamil Nadu.

♦️Indian Badminton Mix Team.

♦️Men's Four Lawn Bowl Team.

◾️#BRONZE_23_Medals

♦️Gururaja Poojary : Weightlifting : 61kg.

♦️Vijay K. Yadav : Judo : 60kg.

♦️Harjinder Kaur : Weightlifting : 71kg.

♦️Tejaswin Shankar : High Jump.

♦️Lovepreet Singh : Weightlifting : 109kg.

♦️Gurdeep Singh : Weightlifting : 109kg+.

♦️Sourav Ghosal : Squash.

♦️Divya Kakran : Wrestling : 68kg.

♦️Mohit Grewal : Wrestling : 125kg.

♦️Pooja Gehlot : Wrestling : 50kg.

♦️Pooja Sihag : Wrestling : 76kg.

♦️Deepak Nehra : Wrestling : 97kg.

♦️Jasmine Lamboria : Boxing : 60kg.

♦️Rohit Tokas : Boxing : 67kg.

♦️Mohammad Hussamddin : Boxing : 57kg.

♦️Sonalben Monubhai Patel : Table Tennis [Para].

♦️Annu Rani : Juvelin Throw.

♦️Sourav Ghosal & Dipika Pallikal : Squash : Mixed Double.

♦️Srikanth Kidambi : Badminton : Men's Single.

♦️Treesa Jolly & Gayatri Gopichand : Badminton : Women’s Double.

♦️Sathiyan Gnanasekaran : Table Tennis : Men's Single.

♦️India women's hockey Team.

◾️Some Important Point :-

🔥India's flag Bearer at the Opening Ceremony : P. V Sindhu & Manpreet Singh.

🔥India's Youngest Athlete : Anahat Singh : 14th Years Old : Squash : Delhi.

🔥MiraBai Chanu got 1st Gold Medal in Commonwealth Games 2022.

🔥Sanket Mahadev Sargar got 1st Medal in Commonwealth Games 2022.

🔥India's Flagbearer at the Closing ceremony : Sharath Kamal & Nikhat Zareen.

◾️Common Wealth Games :-

♦️Formation : 1932

♦️HQ : London, UK.

♦️President : Dome Louis Martin [UK].

♦️Members Counties : 72.

 

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CSIR :

Energy researcher Nallathamby Kalaiselvi has become the first woman director general of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, breaking a glass ceiling for the 80 year old research council that has 38 laboratories under its umbrella.

CSIR:

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, abbreviated as CSIR, was established by the Government of India in September 1942 as an autonomous body that has emerged as the largest research and development organisation in India.

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Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)

✍🏻Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) is a system of rural local self-government in India.

Local Self Government is the management of local affairs by such local bodies who have been elected by the local people.

✍🏻PRI was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 to build democracy at the grass roots level and was entrusted with the task of rural development in the country.

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What is Karakoram Anomaly?

The 'Karakoram Anomaly' is termed as the stability or anomalous growth of glaciers in the central Karakoram, in contrast to the retreat of glaciers in other nearby mountainous ranges of the Himalayas and other mountainous ranges of the world.

Reason - The revival of western disturbance (WD) has been instrumental in triggering and sustaining the Karakoram Anomaly

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