Everyday English phrases:

1. It's on me - I will pay this bill 

🧡(मैं इसका bill pay करूँगा)

2. (It's) time to split - An announcement of one's desire or time to split (बांटना)

3. I've had it up to here - I will not entertain any more of something 

💚(किसी चीज़ की सीमा पार होना)

4. Not for my money - Not as far as I am concerned (जब तक यह मुझसे सम्बंधित नहीं है)

5. Not in my books - Not according to my views (विचारों के मुताबिक ना होना)

6. Okay by me - That's fine with me (मैं इस से सहमत हूँ)

7. See if I care! - I don't care if you do it! (तुम्हारे करने से मुझे कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता)

8. Take my word for it. - Believe me! (मुझ पर भरोसा रखो)

9. That's the ticket ! - That is what is required! (इसी की ज़रूरत थी)

10. Break a leg - Good luck! (शुभकामनाएँ)

11. Dig in! - You can start eating your meal. (आप खाना खा सकते हैं)

12. Bite your tongue! - Keep quiet! (शांत रहिये)

13. Beats me! - I don't know (मुझे नहीं पता)

14. Drop me a line - Write me (about something) (इसके बारे में मुझे लिख कर भेज दीजिये.)

15. Go away and stop bothering me! 

💚(मुझे परेशां करना बंद करीये)

16. Get off my tail! - Stop following me! 

🧡(मेरा पीछा करना बंद कर दीजिये)

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दुनिया की वो जगह जिसका नाम लेना नामुमकिन! स्पेलिंग याद करने में छूट जाएंगे पसीने ।।

न्यूजीलैंड में हॉक की खाड़ी (Hawke’s Bay) में Porangahau के नजदीक स्थित एक पहाड़ी है जिसका नाम लेने में अच्छे-अच्छों के पसीने छूट जाएंगे. हालांकि शायद ही दुनिया में कोई शख्स ऐसा हो जिसे इस जगह की पूरी स्लेपिंग पता हो या वो अपनी मात्रभाषा में ही इसे एक बार में बोले सके. आप खुद पढ़ लीजिए अंग्रेजी में लिखे इस भारी भरकम नाम को जिसकी स्पेलिंग कुछ यूं बैठती है- 'Taumata whakatangi hangakoauau o tamatea turi pukakapiki maunga horo nuku pokai whenua kitanatahu'. इस जगह को स्थानीय भाषा में टॉमेटा हिल कहा जाता है.

☸️खूबसूरती इतनी की नाम से नहीं याद कर पाएंगे👉🏻

यानी साफ है कि दुनिया में एक जगह ऐसी भी है, जो है तो बेहद खूबसूरत पर इस जगह पर जाने से पहले लोग कई बार सोचते हैं. क्योंकि इस जगह का नाम लेना मुश्किल ही नहीं बल्कि नामुमकिन सा दिखता है. न्यूजीलैंड डॉट कॉम में प्रकाशित रिपोर्ट के मुताबिक, इस जगह के नाम में 85 अक्षर हैं. इसकी स्पेलिंग याद करने से ज्यादा तो इसका उच्चारण करना कठिन है. वैसे सच ये भी है कि हर कोई इसे सही से पुकार ही नहीं पाता है.

☸️वर्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड में दर्ज है नाम👉🏻

न्यूजीलैंड की ये पहाड़ी गिनीज बुक ऑफ वर्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड में शामिल है. अगर आप भी खुद को जीनियस समझते हैं तो आप ही स्पेलिंग को बोल कर दिखाएं. यूं तो हजारों लोग इसे पुकारने की कोशिश करते हैं लेकिन आधे में ही फेल हो जाते हैं.

☸️नाम और जगह का इतिहास👉🏻

इस जगह का नाम एक वीर योद्धा के नाम पर रखा गया है. इसका असल में मतलब होता है वो शिखर जहां पर्वतरोही, जमीन निगलने वाले और बड़े घुटने वाले टमाटी नाम के शख्स ने अपने रिलेटिव्स के लिए बांसुरी बजाई थी. इसका नाम जिस वीर योद्धा के नाम पर रखा गया है, वो स्थानीय कबीले के लोगों के लिए गर्व का विषय है.

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Banking Awareness Notes on Moral Suasion🕹

Moral suasion refers to an appeal to morality to change or influence behaviour. Moral suasion under economics is defined as the attempt to coerce private economic activity through government exhortation in ways not already defined or dictated by existing statute law.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses moral suasion as a qualitative instrument of monetary policy, unlike statutory liquidity ratio or cash reserve ratio.

Moral Suasion is a request by the RBI to the commercial banks to take specific measures as per the economy’s trends. For instance, RBI may direct banks not to give out certain loans. It includes psychological means and informal means of selective credit control.

The ‘moral’ element comes from the pressure for ‘moral responsibility’ to function in a way that aligns with furthering the good of the economy. Moral suasion in a narrow sense may sometimes be known as jawboning.

🥏There are two types of moral suasion:

➖“Pure” moral suasion refers to an appeal for altruistic behavior and is not used often in economic policy.

➖“Impure” moral suasion is often referred to as “moral suasion” in economics. It is supported by explicit or implicit threats by authorities to provide incentives to adhere to the authorities’ commands.

💎Features of Moral Suasion

Moral suasion has gained significance in developed countries as an efficient monetary policy instrument. To better understand this concept, let us figure out its critical elements:

➖Qualitative Tool: It is a qualitative tool used for price stability and growth of an economy through credit control.

➖Act of Persuasion: It is all about changing the mind and influencing the stakeholders such that they cooperate to the policy instruments by themselves, without any use of force or pressure.

➖Directed by Central Bank: For economic welfare and interest, the central bank directs and persuades the commercial banks to adhere to the monetary and credit policy instruments.

➖Monetary Policy Instrument: The principal intention of moral suasion is to gain cooperation from the stakeholders to adhere to specific policies and guidelines.

➖Seeks Cooperation: It is not related to enforcing the stakeholders to follow the decisions. Instead, it is an act of convincing them to cooperate and adhere to the policy instruments willingly.

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Impact or Effect of Inflation 📊

➨ Inflation affects the pattern of production, a shift in production pattern takes place from consumer goods to luxury goods.

➨ On Investment: Inflation discourages entrepreneurs in investing as the risk involved in the future production would be very high with less hope for returns.Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and savings.

➨ Inflation also results in black marketing. Sellers may stock up the goods to be sold in the future, anticipating further price rise.

➨ The effect of inflation is felt on distribution of income and wealth and on production.

➨ People with fixed income group are the worst sufferers of inflation.Those living off a fixed-income, such as retirees, see a decline in their purchasing power and, consequently, their standard of living.

➨ The entire economy must absorb repricing costs (“menu costs”) as price lists, labels, menus and more have to be updated.

➨ If the inflation rate is greater than that of other countries, domestic products become less competitive.

➨ They add inefficiencies in the market, and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term.

➨ On Exchange rate and trade: There can also be negative impacts to trade from an increased instability in currency exchange prices caused by unpredictable inflation.

➨ On Taxes: Higher income tax rates on taxpayers. Government incurrs high fiscal deficit due to decreased value of tax collections.

➨ On Export and balance of trade: Inflation rate in the economy is higher than rates in other countries; this will increase imports and reduce exports, leading to a deficit in the balance of trade.

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Concept of National Income 📖

National income estimates are the most reliable macroeconomic indicators of an economy. Therefore, it is essential for students to be aware of National Income Concepts. Changes in national income measure the rate of growth of the economy.

Similarly, changes in the structure of national income of an economy reflect the changing significance of different sectors. In India,

national income, as also per capita income, have been continuously increasing. In more recent years, the rate of growth of national income has

accelerated. It indicates that the economy has been growing at a faster rate in recent years than in the past. Along with this, the structure of national income has also undergone a change, the tertiary sector has emerged as the dominant sector of the economy.

National income accounting comprises of four concepts of calculations- GDP, NDP, GNP, NNP.

1. Factor cost is the input cost that producer has to incur in the process of production. It includes cost of capital – loan inetrest, prices of raw materials, labour, power, rent, etc. Can be termed as Production cost.

2. Market cost is calculated after adding indirect taxes to the factor cost of the product. It is basically the cost at which the goods reach the market. Also termed as EX-FACTORY PRICE. In India we calculate income at factor cost because of non-uniform taxes.

➖National Income:The sum total of factor of incomes accruing to the residents of the country, both from their activities within and outside the economic territory is the national income of the country.

➖National income is calculated for a particular period, normally a financial year (In India, financial year means April 1 to March 31 of next year). Net factor income from abroad is added to the domestic product to get the value of National Income.

➖National Income = C + I + G + (X – M)

Where,C = Total consumption expenditure

I = Total investment expenditure

G = Total government expenditure ; X – M = Export – Import

🔹 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross domestic product is the value of all final goods and services produced within the boundary of a nation during one year. In India one year means from 1st April to 31st March of the next year.

GDP calculation includes income of foreigners in a Country but excludes income of those people who are living outside of that country.

🔹 Net Domestic Product (NDP)

NDP is calculated by deducting the depreciation of plant and Machinery from GDP.

NDP = Gross Domestic Product – Depreciation

🔹 Gross National Product (GNP)

GNP is the value of all final goods and services produced by the residents of a country in a financial year (i.e., 1st April to 31st March of the next year in India).

While Calculating GNP, income of foreigners in a country is excluded but income of people who are living outside of that country is included. It is the GDP of a country added with its income from abroad.

GNP = GDP + X – M

Where,X = income of the people of a country who are living outside of the Country

and M = income of the foreigners in a country

➖India’s GNP is always lower than its GDP.

➖This is the national income according to which the IMF ranks nations.

➖It allows for knowledge of factors in production behaviour and pattern of an economy’s dependence on outside world, nature of human resources internationally, position in world economics.

➖It indicates both qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of an economy in a more exhaustive fashion than GDP.

Intermediate products = one production unit purchasing from other for resale

Final product = all goods and services purchased for consumption and investment , and not for resale

Value added = Value of output – Intermediate cost

Gross value added = net value added + depreciation

Indirect tax = all taxes levied on production, finally paid by consumer of buyer Ex – sales tax, excise, customs

Subsidies = Financial help given by the government to the production units for selling the product at lower prices.

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अंग्रेजी में कुछ प्रसिद्ध मुहावरे और कहावतें।।

🪴चार दिन की चॉदनी फिर अंधेरी रात।

A nine days wonder

🪴चिराग तले अंधेरा।

Nearer the church farther from heaven

🪴खाेेदा पहाड निकली चुहिया।

Much cry little wool

🪴कर भला तो हो भला।

Light reflects light

🪴जिसकी लाठी उसकी भैंस।

      Might is right.

🪴भैंस के आगे बीन बजाना।

      Crying in wilderness.

🪴 चार दिन की चांदनी फिर अंधेरी रात।

      A nine days wonder.

🪴 आस्तीन का सांप।

      Snake in the grass.

🪴 जो गरजते हैं वह बरसते नहीं।

      Barking dogs seldom bite.

🪴 लालच बुरी बला है।

      Avarice is root of all evils.

🪴ऊंट के मुंह में जीरा।

      A drop in the ocean.

🪴 ऊंची दुकान फीके पकवान।

      Great cry little wool.

➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

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क्या कभी सोचा है कि सोते वक्त पक्षी पेड़ से क्यों नहीं गिरते, हैरान कर देगी वजह 🦅

इंसान जब भी सोते हैं तो गहरी नींद (Sleep) में चले जाते हैं. आपने देखा ही होगा कभी मेट्रो के कोच में या किसी ऑटो में अगर किसी को नींद आती है तो उसका चेहरा नीचे की ओर लुड़कने लगता है. सोते समय इंसान (Humans) खुद को संतुलित नहीं रख पाता है. लेकिन पक्षियों के साथ ऐसा नहीं होता है. 

🐦बहुत कम समय सोते हैं पक्षी

इंसानों की तरह पक्षियों (Birds) को देर तक सोने की जरूरत नहीं होती है. पक्षियों के लिए गहरी नींद में जाने का समय केवल 10 सेकंड तक का होता है. आपको ये बात जानकर हैरानी होगी कि पक्षी एक आंख खोलकर भी सो सकते हैं. पक्षियों के अंदर कुछ खास शक्तियां भी होती हैं जिनका इस्तेमाल कर वो सोते समय भी खुद को एक्टिव (Active) रख सकते हैं.

🐦नींद लेने की अलग प्रक्रिया

पक्षियों के मामले में उनके दिमाग (Brain) का जो हिस्सा सोते समय एक्टिव रहता है उसके उलट उनकी आंख खुलती है. यानी अगर उनका राइट हेमिस्फेयर एक्टिव है तो उनकी बाईं आंख खुली रहेगी. यही खास कारण है कि सोते समय भी पक्षी खुद को किसी भी खतरे से बचा सकते हैं क्योंकि उनके दिमाग का एक हिस्सा एक्टिव रहता है. सोते वक्त भी वो खुद को किसी भी शिकारी (Hunter) से बचा पाने में सक्षम हैं.

🐦इस वजह से सोते वक्त नहीं गिरते हैं पक्षी

पक्षियों के पैरों के डिजाइन (Leg's Design) की वजह से भी पक्षी पेड़ की डालियों पर टिके रहने में सक्षम रहते हैं. जब पक्षी सोने के लिए पेड़ की डाली पर बैठते हैं तो उनके पंजों की बनावट उन्हें अच्छी खासी ग्रिप (Grip) बनाने में मदद करती हैं. ये बनावट एक तरह से पक्षियों के लिए लॉक का काम करती हैं और इसी वजह से तोते (Parrot) डाली पर उलटे लटक कर भी सो सकते हैं.

▪️◼️◾🔳⚫🔳◾◼️▪️▪️◼️◾🔳⚫🔳◾◼️▪️

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अंतरराष्ट्रीय बाल श्रम निषेध दिवस

❇️ 12 JUNE

🟢 World Day against Child Labour 

Theme 2022 : “Universal Social Protection to End Child Labour”

💠 In 2002, the International Labour Organization declared June 12 as the World Day Against Child Labour

💠 Constitution of India in the Fundamental Rights and the DPSP prohibits child labour below the age of 14 years in any factory or mine or castle or engaged in any other hazardous employment (Article 24)

💠 Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian social reformer who campaigned against child labour in India 

💠 सतत विकास लक्ष्य 8.7 के अनुसार 2025 तक किसी भी प्रकार के बाल श्रम को समाप्त किया जायेगा

🛑 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION ( ILO)

🔶 Founded : 1919

🔶 HQ : Geneva, Switzerland

🔶 D.G : Guy Ryder

🔶 Member : 187

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Instruments of Monetary Policy

There are several direct and indirect instruments that are used for implementing monetary policy.

➖Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides overnight liquidity to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF).

➖Reverse Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank absorbs liquidity, on an overnight basis, from banks against the collateral of eligible government securities under the LAF.

➖Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): The LAF consists of overnight as well as term repo auctions. Progressively, the Reserve Bank has increased the proportion of liquidity injected under fine-tuning variable rate repo auctions of range of tenors. The aim of term repo is to help develop the inter-bank term money market, which in turn can set market based benchmarks for pricing of loans and deposits, and hence improve transmission of monetary policy. The Reserve Bank also conducts variable interest rate reverse repo auctions, as necessitated under the market conditions.

➖Marginal Standing Facility (MSF): A facility under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow additional amount of overnight money from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a limit at a penal rate of interest. This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system.

➖Corridor: The MSF rate and reverse repo rate determine the corridor for the daily movement in the weighted average call money rate.

➖Bank Rate: It is the rate at which the Reserve Bank is ready to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers. The Bank Rate is published under Section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically as and when the MSF rate changes alongside policy repo rate changes.

➖Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The average daily balance that a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a share of such per cent of its Net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) that the Reserve Bank may notify from time to time in the Gazette of India.

➖Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): The share of NDTL that a bank is required to maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as, unencumbered government securities, cash and gold. Changes in SLR often influence the availability of resources in the banking system for lending to the private sector.

➖Open Market Operations (OMOs): These include both, outright purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of durable liquidity, respectively.

➖Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS): This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004. Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through sale of short-dated government securities and treasury bills. The cash so mobilised is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank.

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Shadow Banking System

The shadow banking system (or shadow financial system) is a network of financial institutions comprised of non-depository banks — e.g., investment banks, structured investment vehicles (SIVs), conduits, hedge funds, non-bank financial institutions and money market funds.

Shadow banking institutions generally serve as intermediaries between investors and borrowers, providing credit and capital for investors, institutional investors, and corporations, and profiting from fees and/or from the arbitrage in interest rates.

Because shadow banking institutions don’t receive traditional deposits like a depository bank, they have escaped most regulatory limits and laws imposed on the traditional banking system. Members are able to operate without being subject to regulatory oversight for unregulated activities. An example of an unregulated activity is a credit default swap (CDS).

Before the market collapse in 2008, one of the classic strategies employed by shadow institutions was borrowing via short-term, liquid markets — typically commercial paper markets — and using these short-term funds to invest in longer-term, less liquid assets like securitized mortgages.

When the housing market melted in 2008, resulting in waves of foreclosures, these shadow banking institutions could no longer borrow sufficient funds to operate. Short-term lending dried up almost overnight because lenders were afraid of who or what was a credit risk; at the same time, shadow institutions couldn’t get funds from their collapsing investments in mortgage-backed securities because no one would buy the “toxic assets.”

This “perfect storm” of financial woes precipitated the 2008 bankruptcy of the once powerful shadow banking institutions, Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers –leading to the subsequent market panic, economic recession and global credit crunch.

🏙WHY IT MATTERS:

Many institutions in the shadow banking system have come to play an increasingly significant role in facilitating credit throughout the global financial system. Many believe the lack of government regulatory oversight of the shadow banking system led to excesses precipitating in the global financial meltdown and Great Recession of 2008-09 — the worst economic contraction since the Great Depression of the 1930s.

On the eve of the Great Recession, the shadow financial system in the United States had grown to roughly the same size as the country’s traditional depository banking system. The equivalent of a “bank run” within the shadow banking system was the trigger for the Wall Street crash in the fall of 2008. This instability within the global banking system laid the foundation for the continuing subprime mortgage crisis.

Despite modest reforms passed by Congress in 2010, shadow financial institutions still aren’t subject to the same regulations as traditional, depository banks. This means they remain highly leveraged, with a high ratio of debt relative to their liquid assets on hand to pay immediate claims. Higher leverage equates higher returns, but it also carries outsized risk.

The shadow banking system may still be exposing the larger financial markets to excessive systemic risk. While all investments expose the investor to some level of risk, the unknown consequences of having such a large shadow banking system may lead some investors to prefer more conservative investment strategies in the years ahead.

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Board for Financial Supervision(BFS)

The Reserve Bank of India performs the supervisory function under the guidance of the Board for Financial Supervision (BFS). The Board was constituted in November 1994 as a committee of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India under the Reserve Bank of India (Board for Financial Supervision) Regulations, 1994.

➡️Objective

The primary objective of BFS is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising Scheduled Commercial and Co-operative Banks, All India Financial Institutions, Local Area Banks, Small Finance Banks, Payments Banks, Credit Information Companies, Non-Banking Finance Companies and Primary Dealers.

➡️Constitution

The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as Members and is chaired by the Governor. The Deputy Governors of the Reserve Bank are ex-officio members. One Deputy Governor, traditionally, the Deputy Governor in charge of supervision, is nominated as the Vice-Chairman of the Board.

In April 2018, a Sub-committee of the Board for Financial Supervision was constituted, under Para 11 & 12 of the Reserve Bank of India (Board for Financial Supervision) Regulations, 1994. The Sub-committee performs the functions and exercises the powers of supervision and inspection under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, in relation to Payments Banks, Small Finance Banks, Local Area Banks, small Foreign Banks, select scheduled Urban Co-operative Banks, select Non-Banking Financial Companies and Credit Information Companies. The Sub-committee is chaired by the Deputy Governor in charge of supervision and includes the three Deputy Governors and two Directors of the Central Board as Members.

➡️BFS Meetings

The Board is required to meet normally once every month. It deliberates on inspection reports, periodic reviews related to banking and non-banking sectors and policy matters arising out of or having relevance to the supervisory functions of the Reserve Bank.

The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision (DBS), Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) and Department of Co-operative Bank Supervision (DCBS) and gives directions on regulatory and supervisory issues.

➡️Functions

➖Fine-tuning the supervisory processes adopted by the Bank for regulated entities;

➖Introduction of off-site surveillance system to complement the on-site supervision of regulated entities;

➖Strengthening the statutory audit processes of banks and enlarging the role of auditors in the supervisory process;

➖Strengthening the internal defences within supervised institutions such as corporate governance, internal control and audit functions, management information and risk control systems, review of housekeeping in banks;

➖Introduction of supervisory rating system for banks and financial institutions;

➖Supervision of overseas operations of Indian banks, consolidated supervision of banks;

➖Technical assistance programme for cooperative banks;

➖Introduction of scheme of Prompt Corrective Action Framework for weak banks;

➖Guidance regarding fraud risk management framework in banks;

➖Introduction of risk based supervision of banks;

➖Introduction of an enforcement framework in respect of banks;

➖Establishment of a credit registry in respect of large borrowers of supervised institutions; and

➖Setting up a subsidiary of RBI to take care of the IT requirements, including the cyber security needs of the Reserve Bank and its regulated entities, etc.

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Call Money Rate

Call money rate is the rate at which short term funds are borrowed and lent in the money market.

The duration of the call money loan is 1 day. Banks resort to these type of loans to fill the asset liability mismatch, comply with the statutory CRR and SLR requirements and to meet the sudden demand of funds. RBI, banks, primary dealers etc are the participants of the call money market. Demand and supply of liquidity affect the call money rate. A tight liquidity condition leads to a rise in call money rate and vice versa.

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Contagion

In economics and finance, a contagion can be explained as a situation where a shock in a particular economy or region spreads out and affects others by way of, say, price movements.

The contagion effect explains the possibility of spread of economic crisis or boom across countries or regions. This phenomenon may occur both at a domestic level as well as at an international level. The failure of Lehman Brothers in the United States is an example of a domestic contagion.

The fundamental underlying this scenario where price movements in one market are resultant of shocks or volatility in the other market is that there is a perfect information flow. With increasing interdependence and correlation between economies, this possibility has increased. While internationally, there could a number of other factors governing trade, which may influence the extent of this contagion effect across geographies.

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Ques. What is full form of 'MSP'?

Ans.: MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE

Explanation:

The minimum support price is an agricultural product price, set by the Government of India to purchase directly from the farmer. This is not enforceable by law. By definition, this rate is to safeguard the farmer to a minimum profit for the harvest, if the open market has lesser price than the cost incurred.

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Ques. What is the premium rate under Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana for Kharif crops?

Ans.: 2%

Explanation:

There will be a uniform premium of only 2% to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops and 1.5% for all Rabi crops. In case of annual commercial and horticultural crops, the premium to be paid by farmers will be only 5%. The premium rates to be paid by farmers are very low and balance premium will be paid by the Government to provide full insured amount to the farmers against crop loss on account of natural calamities.

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Ques. Substandard assets are those which should not be extended by?

Ans.: 12 months

Explanation:

Categories of NPAs:

Banks are required to classify non¬performing assets further into the following three categories based on the period for which the asset has remained non¬performing and the realisability of the dues:

Sub-standard Assets

A sub¬standard asset would be one, which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months. In such cases, the current net worth of the borrower/ guarantor or the current market value of the security charged is not enough to ensure recovery of the dues to the banks in full.

Doubtful Assets

An asset would be classified as doubtful if it has remained in the sub¬standard category for a period of 12 months. 

Loss Assets

A loss asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank or internal or external auditors or the RBI inspection but the amount has not been written off wholly. In other words, such an asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted although there may be some salvage or recovery value.

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Ques. The Annual minimum amount in PPF should be?

Ans.: 500 Rupees

Explanation:

PPF allows a minimum investment of Rs 500 and a maximum of Rs 1.5 lakh for each financial year. Investments can be made in a lump sum or in a maximum of 12 instalments.

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Ques. Kisan credit card scheme was prepared on the recommendations of which committee?

Ans.: R.V. GUPTA committee

Explanation:

The Kisan Credit Card scheme is a credit scheme introduced in August 1998 by Indian banks. This model scheme was prepared by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development on the recommendations of R.V.GUPTA committee to provide term loans for agricultural needs.

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Ques. What is the Maximum denomination of Currency Notes that can be printed in India?

Ans.: 10000 rupees  

Ques. FCCB full form? 

Ans.: Foreign Currency convertible Bond 

Explanation:

A foreign currency convertible bond (FCCB) is a type of convertible bond issued in a currency different than the issuer's domestic currency. In other words, the money being raised by the issuing company is in the form of foreign currency. A convertible bond is a mix between a debt and equity instrument.

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Ques. Cross cheque is payable by whom?

Ans.: Darwee 

Explanation:

A crossed cheque is a cheque that is payable only through a collecting banker and not directly at the counter of the bank. Two parallel transverse lines, with or without any word, are generally drawn on the top left-hand corner of the cheque.

Number of Parties involved with a Cheque

Under the cheque mode of fund payment, there are three parties which are involved for on-track movement of money through a written paper source.

a) Drawer or Maker

He/she is the customer or account holder who issues the cheque.

b) Drawee

It is basically the bank on which the cheque is drawn and is called the “Drawee”. Always remember that a cheque is always drawn on a particular banker.

c) Payee

The individual who is named in the cheque for getting the payment is known as the “Payee”. Interestingly, the drawer and the payee can be the same individual in a particular case.

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Ques. Electronic holding of Shares replaced in paper securities called?

Ans.: Dematerialisation

 

In finance and financial law, dematerialization refers to the substitution of paper-form securities by book-entry securities.

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Loans and Advances

Loan is the amount borrowed from bank. The nature of borrowing is that the money is disbursed and recovery is made in installments. While lending money by way of loan, credit is given for a definite purpose and for a pre-determined period. Depending upon the purpose and period of loan, each bank has its own procedure for granting loan. However the bank is a liberty to grant the loan requested or refuse it depending upon its own cash position and lending policy.

There are two types of available from banks:

(1) Demand loan, and

(2) Term loan.

(1) A Demand Loan: – it is a loan which is repayable on demand by the bank. In other words, it is repayable at short-notice. The entire amount of demand loan is disbursed at one time and the borrower has to pay interest on it. The borrower can repay the loan either in lump sum (one time) or as agreed with the bank. Demanded loans are raised normally for working capital purpose, like purchase of raw materials, making payment of short-term liabilities.

(2) Term loans: -medium and long term loans are called term loans. Term loans are granted for more than a year and repayment of such loans is spread over a longer period. The repayment is generally made in suitable installment of a fixed amount. Term loan is required for a purpose of starting a new business activity, renovation, and modernization, expansion/extension of existing units, purchase of plant and machinery, purchase a land for setting up a factory, construction of a factory building or purchase of immovable assets. These loans are generally secured against the mortgage of land, plant and machinery, building and etc.

✍️Cash Credit

Cash Credit is a flexible system of lending under which the borrower has the option to withdraw the funds as and when required and to the extent of his needs. Under this arrangement the banker specifies a limit of loan for the customer (known as cash credit limit) up to which the customer is allowed to draw. The cash credit limit is based on the borrower’s need and as agreed with the bank. Against the limit of cash credit, the borrower is permitted to withdraw as and when he needs money subject to the limit sanctioned.

It is normally sanctioned for a period of one year and secured by the security of some tangible assets or personal guarantee. If the account is running satisfactorily, the limit of cash credit may be renewed by the bank at the end of the year. The interest is calculated and charged to the customer’s account.

✍️Overdraft

Over draft facility is more or less similar to ‘cash credit’ facility is the result of an agreement with the bank by which a current account holder is allowed to draw over and above the credit balance in his/her account. It is a short-period facility. This facility is made available to current account holder who operates their account through cheques. The customer is permitted to with the amount of overdraft allowed as and when he/she needs it and to repay it through deposit in the account.

✍️Bills Purchased

Bills, clean or documentary, are sometimes purchased from approved customers in whose favour regular limits are sanctioned. In the case of documentary bills, the drafts are accompanied by documents of title to goods such as railway receipts or bills of lading (BOL). Before granting a limit, the creditworthiness of the drawer is to be ascertained. Sometimes the financial standing of the drawees of the bills are verified, particularly when the bills are drawn from time to time on the same drawees and/or the amounts are large.

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Non Performing Assets (NPA)

NPAs refer to loans which are in risk of default. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) defines NPAs as below:

AN ASSET, INCLUDING A LEASED ASSET, BECOMES NON­-PERFORMING WHEN IT CEASES TO GENERATE INCOME FOR THE BANK.

As per guidelines issued by the RBI, banks classify an account as NPA only if the interest due and charged on that account during any quarter is not serviced fully within 90 days from the end of the quarter.

Conditions to become NPA

An asset becomes NPA when it ceases to generate income for the bank –

➖Term Loan – Interest and/or installment of principal amount remain overdue for more than 90 days

➖Overdraft / Cash Credit – The account remains ‘out of order’ for 90 days

➖Bill – The bill remains overdue for more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted

➖Short duration crops – The installment of principal or interest remains overdue for 2 crop seasons

➖Long duration crops – The installment of principal or interest remains overdue for 1 crop season

➖Securitisation transaction – The amount of liquidity facility outstanding for more than 90 days

➖Derivative transaction – The overdue receivables representing positive mark-to-market value of a derivative contract, if these remain unpaid for 90 days from the specified due date for payment.

Basis of Classification of Non Performing Asset (NPA)

Banks are required to classify NPAs into the following 3 categories based on how long do they remain non-performing.

The three categories are – Substandard Assets, Doubtful Assets and Loss Assets.

♦️ Substandard Assets – If an account remains as NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months

♦️ Doubtful Assets – An asset would be classified as doubtful if it has remained in the substandard category for 12 months.

♦️ Loss Asset – A loss Asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank’s internal or external auditors or upon an RBI inspection.

Example of NPA

We suppose that a party was disbursed a loan on January 1, 2010. Its due date is June 1, 2010. But the party does not make a payment. So

♦️ It will be an Standard Asset from January 1, 2010 till June 1, 2010 (Due Date)

♦️ It will be a Special Mention Account From June 2, 2010 till August 29, 2010 (90 days)

♦️ It will be Sub-standard from August 30, 2010 till August 29, 2011

♦️ It will be doubtful from August 30, 2011 till August 29, 2012

♦️ It may remain doubtful Asset for a period of 3 years, beginning from 12 months of being an NPA, but once the auditors identify it as a loss, it will be assigned a loss asset; however, the period may be anything above 3 years

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Credit Creation by Commercial Banks ♦️

Creation of credit is an important function of a commercial bank. Prof. Sayers said “Banks are not merely purveyors of money but, also in an important sense manufacturers of money”. In a modern economy Bank’s deposits form a major proportion of total money supply.

A bank’s demand deposits arise mainly from Cash deposits by customers and Bank Loans and Investments.

👉🏻Cash Deposits By Customers

These are termed as primary deposits as they arise from the actual deposits of cash in a bank made by its customers. In receiving such deposits, the bank plays a passive role. The creation of primary deposits, however is nothing but transforming the currency money in to deposit money.

👉🏻Bank Loans And Investments:

These are termed as derivative or active deposits. The derivative deposits are lent in the form of loans or advances, discounting of bills or used for purchasing securities or other assets.

Deposit account in the name of the customer or seller, credits him with the amount of loan granted or value of security purchased, subject to withdrawl by cheque, as required. Hence loans advanced or purchases of securities creates deposits.

Thus every loan creates a deposit. They increase the quantity of bank money. The size of derivative demand deposits is determined by the banks lending and investment activities. There will be a constant inflow and outflow of cash with the banks. For the sake of liquidity and safety some proportion of total deposit must be maintained in cash, for e.g. :- 10% to 20% to meet the demand for cash at the counter. This is known as Cash Reserve Ratio.

Primary deposits serve as a basis for creating derivative deposits, that is credit creation, and for increasing money supply. Commercial banks are profit seeking institutions and when they find that large volume of cash received lies Idle, they use these resources for advancing loans or for making investment in securities, shares etc. there by earning high rate of interest. The creation of credit also depends on excess cash reserves or cash reserve ratio. The derivative deposits are used as working capital.

When the borrower withdraws money from his loan account by cheque it is deposited by the payee in some other bank. Those banks again create deposit on the basis of fresh deposits received after keeping required reserves. Ultimately, the total volume of credit or derivative deposits or bank money created by all banks would be a multiple of the original amount of new cash reserves in the system. Thus multiple expansion of credit takes place.

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Various instruments available in the money market

1. Treasury Bills (T-Bills): It is a short-term borrowing instrument issued by the Government of India. RBI, issue it on behalf of Government of India.

➖ It is also known as zero coupon bonds.

➖ It has a maturity of less than one year.

➖ It is issued at discount and repaid at par.

➖ It is in the form of a promissory note.

➖ It is highly liquid and has negligible risk.

➖ It is available in denominations of ₹ 25000 and its multiples.

2. Commercial Paper: Commercial paper is issued by large creditworthy companies to raise short-term funds at lower rates of interest than the market rate.

➖ It is an unsecured promissory note, having a maturity of 15 days to one year.

➖ It is a negotiable instrument, transferable by endorsement and delivery.

➖ It is sold at discount and redeemed at par.

➖ It is an alternative to bank borrowing. The original purpose of commercial paper was to meet working capital needs of companies.

➖ It is used by companies for bridge financing, a method of financing used by companies before issuing shares or debentures, to cover the expenses associated with the issue of such securities, i.e. floatation costs.

3. Call Money: Call money is a method used by commercial banks to borrow funds from each other, in order to maintain the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR). Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum balance of cash to be maintained by banks, according to RBI guidelines.

➖ It is short-term finance repayable on demand.

➖ Maturity of call money is 1 day to 15 days.

➖ The interest paid on call money is called the call rate.

➖ Call rate is highly fluctuating, which varies from day-to-day or even from hour-to-hour.

➖ There is an inverse relationship between call rates and return on other short-term money market instruments. Increase in call rates make the demand for call money decrease, and increase in demand for other short-term instruments, as they become cheaper in relation to call money.

4. Certificate of Deposit: Certificate of deposits are issued by commercial banks or developmental financial institutions to individuals, institutions, corporations and companies.

➖ It is an unsecured, negotiable instrument in bearer form.

➖ It is issued in periods of tight liquidity, when the deposits by individuals and households are less, but the demand for credit is high.

➖ They help to mobilise large amounts of money in a short time period.

5. Commercial Bill: It is a bill of exchange used by business firms to meet their working capital needs.

➖ It is an unsecured, negotiable instrument in bearer form.

➖ When goods are sold on credit, the seller (drawer) draws a bill of exchange on the buyer (drawee), who accepts it.

➖ When he accepts the bill, it becomes a marketable instrument, which is called a trade bill. When the seller presents it to the bank for discounting it, to get the funds before the maturity of the bill and the bank accepts it, it is called a commercial bill.

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Types of Currencies

HARD CURRENCY: It is the international currency in which the highest faith is shown and is needed by every economy.The strongest currency of the world is one which has a high level of liquidity.

SOFT CURRENCY: A term used in the foreign exchange market which denotes the currency that is easily available in any economy in its forex market.

HOT CURRENCY: Hot currency is a term of the forex market and is a temporary name for any hard currency.

HEATED CURRENCY: A term used in the forex market to denote the domestic currency which is under enough pressure (heat) of depreciation due to a hard currency's high tendency of exiting the economy (since it has become hot).

DEAR CURRENCY: This term was popularized by economists in the early 1930s to show the opposite of the cheap currency. when a government issues bonds, the money which flows from the public to the government or the money in the economy in general is called dear currency, also called as dearmoney

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Important Financial/Economy Terms

🔹Soft Currency

Soft currency is a currency which is hyper sensitive and fluctuates frequently. Such currencies react very sharply to the political or the economic situation of a country.

 It is also known as weak currency due to its unstable nature. Such currencies mostly exist in developing countries with relatively unstable governments. Soft currencies cause high volatility in exchange rates as well, making them undesirable by foreign exchange dealers. These currencies are the least preferred for international trade or holding reserves.

🔹Sovereign Risk

A nation is a sovereign entity. Any risk arising on chances of a government failing to make debt repayments or not honouring a loan agreement is a sovereign risk.

Such practices can be resorted to by a government in times of economic or political uncertainty or even to portray an assertive stance misusing its independence. A government can resort to such practices by easily altering any of its laws, thereby causing adverse losses to investors.

🔹Special Drawing Rights

This is a kind of reserve of foreign exchange assets comprising leading currencies globally and created by the International Monetary Fund in the year 1969.

Before its creation, the international community had to face several restrictions in increasing world trade and the level of financial development as gold and US dollars, which were the only means of trade, were in limited quantities. In order to address the issue, SDR was created by the IMF.

SDR is often regarded as a 'basket of national currencies' comprising four major currencies of the world - US dollar, Euro, British Pound and Yen (Japan). The composition of this basket of currencies is reviewed every five years wherein the weightage of currencies sometimes get altered.

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THIRD RTC

• The third Round Table Conference, held between November 17, 1932 and December 24, 1932, was not attended by the Indian National Congress and Gandhi. It was ignored by most other Indian leaders.

• Apart from princely states representatives like Aga Khan III, B.R. Ambedkar, Muhammad Iqbal, M.R. Jayakar, N.M. Joshi etc. were present.

• Again, like in the two previous conferences, little was achieved. The recommendations were published in a White Paper in March 1933 and debated in the British Parliament afterwards based on which Government of India Act 1935 was enacted.

• B.R. Ambedkar attended all the three round table conferences.

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स्पोकेन इंग्लिश सीखने के 8 सुझाव ।।

1. अपना महौल English बनाएं :

किसी भी भाषा को सीखने में जो एक चीज सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण होती है वो है हमारा environment, हमारा माहौल. आखिर हम अपनी मात्र -भाषा छोटी सी ही उम्र में कैसे बोलने लगते हैं :- क्योंकि 24X7 हम ऐसे माहौल में रहते हैं जहाँ वही भाषा बोली , पढ़ी, और सुनी जाती है. इसीलिए अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखना है तो हमें यथा संभव अपने माहौल को English बना देना चाहिए. इसके लिए आप ऐसा कुछ कर सकते हैं:

हिंदी अखबार की जगह English Newspaper पढना शुरू कीजिये.

हिंदी गानों की जगह अंग्रेजी गाने सुनिए.

अपने interest के English program / movies देखिये.

अपने room को जितना English बना सकते हैं बनाइये ….English posters, Hollywood actors,English books,Cds..जैसे भी हो जितना भी हो make it English.

2. ऐसे लोगों के साथ group बनाएं जो आप ही की तरह स्पोकेन इंग्लिश सीखना चाहते हों:

कुछ ऐसे दोस्त खोजिये जो आप ही की तरह अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखना चाहते हैं. अगर आपके घर में ही कोई ऐसा है तो फिर तो और भी अच्छा है. लेकिन अगर ना हो तो ऐसे लोगों को खोजिये, और वो जितना आपके घर के करीब हों उतना अच्छा है. ऐसे दोस्तों से अधिक से अधिक बात करें और सिर्फ English में. हाँ ,चाहें तो आप mobile पर भी यही काम कर सकते हैं.

3. कोई mentor बना लें:

किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को अपना mentor बना लें जो अच्छी English जानता हो, आपका कोई मित्र, आपका कोई रिश्तेदार, कोई पडोसी, कोई अंग्रेजी सीखाने वाला institute….कोई भी जो आपकी मदद के लिए तैयार हो. आपको अपने मेंटर से जितनी मदद मिल सके लेनी होगी. अगर आप को मेंटर ना मिले तो भी मायूस होने की ज़रुरत नहीं है आप अपने efforts में लगे रहे, मेंटर मिलने सी आपका काम आसानी से होता लेकिन ना मिलने पर भी आप अपने प्रयास से यह भाषा सीख सकते हैं.

4. पहले दिन से ही correct English बोलने का प्रयास मत करें:

अगर आप ऐसा करेंगे तो आप इसी बात में उलझे रह जायेंगे की आप सही बोल रहे हैं या गलत. पहला एक -दो महिना बिना किसी tension के जो मुंह में आये बोले, ये ना सोचें कि आप grammatically correct हैं या नहीं. जरूरी है कि आप धीरे -धीरे अपनी झिझक को मिटाएं .

5. English सीखने के लिए Alert रहे:

वैसे तो मैं अपनी spoken English का श्रेय अपने school St.Paul’s को देता हूँ पर अंग्रेजी के लिए अपनी alertness की वजह से भी मैंने बहुत कुछ सीखा है. मैं जब TV पर कोई English program देखता था तो ध्यान देता था की words को कैसे pronounce किया जा रहा है, और किसी word को sentence में कैसे use किया जा रहा है. इसके आलावा मैंने नए words सीखने के लिए एक diary भी बनायीं थी जिसमे मैं newspaper पढ़ते वक़्त जो words नहीं समझ आते थे वो लिखता था, और उसका use कर के एक sentence भी बनता था, इससे word की meaning याद रखने में आसानी होती थी.

6. बोल कर पढ़ें:

हर रोज आप अकेले या अपने group में तेज आवाज़ में English का कोई article या story पढ़ें. बोल -बोल कर पढने से आपका pronunciation सही होगा, और बोलने में आत्मविश्वास भी बढेगा.

7. Mirror का use करें:

मैं English बोलना तो जानता था पर मेरे अन्दर भी fluency की कमी थी, इसे ठीक करने के लिए मैं अक्सर अकेले शीशे के सामने खड़े होकर English में बोला करता था. और अभी भी अगर मुझे कोई presentation या interview देना होता है तो मैं शीशे के सामने एक -दो बार practice करके खुद को तैयार करता हूँ. आप भी अपने घर में मौजूद mirror का इस्तेमाल अपनी spoken English improve करने के लिए कीजिये. शीशे के सामने बोलने का सबसे बड़ा फायदा है कि आप को कोई झिझक नहीं होगी और आप खुद को improve कर पाएंगे.

8. Enjoy the process:

English बोलना सीखेने को एक enjoyment की तरह देखें इसे अपने लिए बोझ ना बनाएं. आराम से आपके लिए जो speed comfortable हो उस speed से आगे बढें . पर इसका ये मतलब नहीं है कि आप अपने प्रयत्न एकदम से कम कर दें, बल्कि जब आप इसे enjoy करेंगे तो खुद -बखुद इस दिशा में आपके efforts और भी बढ़ जायेंगे. आप ये भी सोचें कि जब आप fluently बोलने लगेंगे तब कितना अच्छा लगेगा , आप का confidence भी बढ़ जायेगा और आप सफलता की तरफ बढ़ने लगेंगे.

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Exchange Earner’s Foreign Currency (EEFC) Account

 Exchange Earners’ Foreign Currency Account (EEFC) is an account maintained in foreign currency with an Authorised Dealer Category – I bank i.e. a bank authorized to deal in foreign exchange. It is a facility provided to the foreign exchange earners, including exporters, to credit 100 per cent of their foreign exchange earnings to the account, so that the account holders do not have to convert foreign exchange into Rupees and vice versa, thereby minimizing the transaction costs.

 You can open an EEFC account in the following currencies:

➖United States Dollar (USD)

➖EURO

➖Great Britain Pound (GBP)

➖Japanese Yen (JPY)

➖Swiss Franc (CHF)

➖Singapore Dollar (SGD)

➖Canadian Dollar (CAD)

➖Australian Dollar (AUD)

➖United Arab Emirates Dirham (AED)

➖New Zealand Dollar (NZD)

➖Swedish kroner (SEK)

➖Saudi Riyal (SAR)

➖Hong Kong Dollar (HKD)

➖Thai Baht (THB)

➖Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD)

➖South African Rand (SAR)

➖Norwegian Kroner (NOK)

Who can open an EEFC account?

All categories of foreign exchange earners, such as individuals, companies, etc., who are resident in India, may open EEFC accounts.

Can interest be paid on these accounts?

An EEFC account can be held only in the form of a current account. No interest is payable on EEFC accounts.

How much of one’s foreign exchange earnings can be credited into an EEFC account?

100% foreign exchange earnings can be credited to the EEFC account subject to the condition that the sum total of the accruals in the account during a calendar month should be converted into Rupees on or before the last day of the succeeding calendar month after adjusting for utilization of the balances for approved purposes or forward commitments.

Is there any Cheque facility available?

Cheque facility is available for operation of the EEFC account.

 What are the permissible credits into this account?

 i) Inward remittance through normal banking channels, other than remittances received on account of foreign currency loan or investment received from abroad or received for meeting specific obligations by the account holder;

ii) Payments received in foreign exchange by a 100 per cent Export Oriented Unit or a unit in (a) Export Processing Zone or (b) Software Technology Park or (c) Electronic Hardware Technology Park for supply of goods to similar such units or to a unit in Domestic Tariff Area;

iii) Payments received in foreign exchange by a unit in the Domestic Tariff Area for supply of goods to a unit in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ);

iv) Payment received by an exporter from an account maintained with an authorised dealer for the purpose of counter trade. (Counter trade is an arrangement involving adjustment of value of goods imported into India against value of goods exported from India in terms of the Reserve Bank guidelines);

v) Advance remittance received by an exporter towards export of goods or services;

vi) Payment received for export of goods and services from India, out of funds representing repayment of State Credit in U.S. Dollar held in the account of Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs, Moscow, with an authorised dealer in India;

vii) Professional earnings including directors’ fee, consultancy fee, lecture fee, honorarium and similar other earnings received by a professional by rendering services in his individual capacity;

viii) Re-credit of unutilised foreign currency earlier withdrawn from the account;

ix) Amount representing repayment by the account holder’s importer customer in respect of trade related loan/advances granted by the exporter (subject to compliance with the extant guidelines) holding EEFC account; and

x) The disinvestment proceeds received by the resident account holder on conversion of shares held by him to ADRs/GDRs under the Sponsored ADR/GDR Scheme approved by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board of the Government of India.

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Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana 2015 - Fund the Unfunded

☑️ Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is a flagship program of Government of India to “fund the unfunded” basically through this scheme financial institutions like Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Non-Banking financial Companies (NBFCs), Small Finance Banks, RBRs, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks etc. will provide loans at very low rate to the new Ideas or Startups and people having a business plan in a Non-Farming Sector with Income generating activities.

⚡️Objective of Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

★ To sanction loans up to rupees 10 Lakhs to those who have a business plan or new idea to generate income but don’t have enough capital to invest. Provided the plan should be of non-farming activity and which can promote manufacturing, processing, trading, or service sector.

★ To create new sources of employment and increase the overall GDP of India.

★ With the help of establishment of MUDRA bank, the network of microfinance institutions will be monitored and new registration will also be done.

★ Integration of Informal economy into Formal sector as incomes from the informal sector are non-taxed.

⚡️Types of Loans Provided

The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) has three type of loans scheme as per the funding requirements or idea of the Beneficiary or the Entrepreneur.

1. Shishu : covering loans upto 50,000/-

2. Kishor : covering loans above 50,000/- and upto 5 lakh

3. Tarun : covering loans above 5 lakh and upto 10 lakh

There is no subsidy for the loan given under PMMY. However, if the loan proposal is linked with some Government scheme, wherein the Government is providing capital subsidy, it will be eligible under PMMY also.

⚡️Sectors covered under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

★ Land Transport Sector : - Loans provided to the beneficiary to support the purchase of transport vehicles. These vehicles could be used for goods or personal transport such as auto rickshaw, small goods transport vehicle, 3 wheelers, e-rickshaw, passenger cars, taxis, etc.

★ Textile Sector :- Loans provided to support micro textile industries that produce garment and non-garment products like Handloom and power loom industry, Handwork industry which works on embroidery, chikan work, dyeing and printing, knitting, etc.

★ Service Sector :- This includes community services, social services, or personal services such as saloons, beauty parlors, gymnasium, boutiques, tailoring shops, dry cleaning, cycle and motorcycle repair shop, DTP and Photocopying Facilities, Medicine Shops, Courier Agents, etc.

★ Food Product Sector :- This include small scale food activities such as papad making, achaar making, jam / jelly making, agricultural produce preservation at rural level, sweet shops, small service food stalls and day to day catering / canteen services, cold chain vehicles, cold storages, ice making units, ice cream making units, biscuit, bread and bun making, etc.

⚡️How to apply for MUDRA loan

Entrepreneurs, who wish to avail assistance under Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), can approach the local branch of any of the financial institutions mentioned above, in their region or locality and submit the required documents and application form to avail the benefits.

⚡️PMMY Eligibility Criteria

1. To avail of the benefits of the PMMY Scheme, the person should be a citizen of India.

2. Must come up with a plan or business idea related to sectors like Manufacturing, Processing, Trade, Service Sector or any other fields whose credit demand is less than ₹10 lakhs.

The Borrower seeking MUDRA Loans under the PMMY Scheme can approach either a Micro Finance Institution, Bank or NBFC to avail it.

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Blue Flag certified beaches in india

🔷 Shivrajpur beach (Dwarka) - Gujarat

🔷 Ghoghla beach - Diu

🔷 Padaburi and Kasarkod beach - Karnataka

🔷 Kappad beach - Kerala

🔷 Kovalam beach - Tamilnadu

🔷 Eden beach - Puducherry

🔷 Rushikonda beach - Andhra Pradesh

🔷Golden beach - Odisha

🔷 Radhanagar beach - Andaman and Nicobar islands

Which institution gives the blue flag certification ? Write in comments below.

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LORD HASTINGS (1813-1823)

• Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) & Treaty of Sagauli.

• 3rd Maratha War (1817-19) and of Maratha Confederacy dissolution.

• Strife with Pindaris (1817-18)

• Treaty with Sindhia (1817)

• Treaty of Sangli (1816)

• Treaty of Poona (1817)

• Ryotwari System - Thomas Munro (Gov. of Madras) (1820)

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भारत-नेपाल द्विपक्षीय संबंध ..

समाचार में क्यों? :- 

बुद्ध पूर्णिमा के अवसर पर बौद्ध सांस्कृतिक केंद्र की आधारशिला रखने के लिए आयोजित एक समारोह में भाग लेने के लिए पीएम मोदी नेपाल के लुंबिनी गए।

✓ भारत और नेपाल के बीच द्विपक्षीय संबंध

 • 1950 की शांति और मित्रता की भारत-नेपाल संधि भारत और नेपाल के बीच मौजूद विशेष संबंधों का आधार है।

• इस संधि के तहत, नेपाली नागरिकों को भारत में अद्वितीय लाभ प्राप्त हैं। भारतीय नागरिकों के समान सुविधाओं और अवसरों का लाभ उठाना। लगभग 6 मिलियन नेपाली नागरिक भारत में रहते हैं और काम करते हैं।

(1) रक्षा सहयोग 

• नेपाल सेना के कई रक्षा कर्मी भारतीय सेना के विभिन्न प्रशिक्षण संस्थानों में प्रशिक्षण पाठ्यक्रमों में भाग लेते हैं। 

 • भारत-नेपाल बटालियन-स्तरीय संयुक्त सैन्य अभ्यास सूर्य किरण भारत और नेपाल में बारी-बारी से आयोजित किया जाता है। 

 • 1950 से, भारत और नेपाल दोनों सेनाओं के बीच आपसी सौहार्दपूर्ण संबंधों की मान्यता में एक दूसरे के सेना प्रमुख को जनरल के मानद पद से सम्मानित करते रहे हैं। 

 • भारतीय सेना की गोरखा रेजीमेंटों का गठन आंशिक रूप से नेपाल के पहाड़ी जिलों से भर्ती करके किया जाता है।

  (II) आर्थिक :- 

भारत नेपाल का सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक भागीदार है। 2020-21 में कुल द्विपक्षीय व्यापार 7.44 अरब अमेरिकी डॉलर पर पहुंच गया। 2020-21 में। जबकि भारत को नेपाल का निर्यात 670.33 मिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर रहा। नेपाल को भारत का निर्यात 6.8 अरब अमेरिकी डॉलर था। 

 (III) नेपाल में भारतीय निवेश :- 

भारतीय कंपनियां नेपाल में सबसे बड़े निवेशकों में से हैं, जो 2019 में नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक (एनआरबी) के आंकड़ों के अनुसार लगभग 500 मिलियन अमरीकी डालर के कुल स्वीकृत विदेशी प्रत्यक्ष निवेश का लगभग 30% है।

(IV) संपर्क और विकास साझेदारी :-

• नेपाल को भारत की विकास सहायता एक व्यापक कार्यक्रम है जो जमीनी स्तर पर बुनियादी ढांचे के निर्माण पर केंद्रित है। 

 • बुनियादी ढांचे, स्वास्थ्य, जल संसाधन, शिक्षा और ग्रामीण और सामुदायिक विकास के क्षेत्रों में विभिन्न परियोजनाओं को लागू किया गया है। 

 • हाल के वर्षों में, भारत तराई क्षेत्र में 10 सड़कों के उन्नयन के माध्यम से सीमा अवसंरचना के विकास में नेपाल की सहायता करता रहा है।  

• वित्त वर्ष 2019-20 में 'नेपाल को सहायता' बजट के तहत निर्धारित कुल आर्थिक सहायता 1200 करोड़ रुपये थी।  

• जनवरी 2020 में, भारत और नेपाल के प्रधानमंत्रियों ने भारत सरकार की सहायता से निर्मित विराटनगर (नेपाल) में एकीकृत चेक पोस्ट का दूरस्थ रूप से उद्घाटन किया। ( V ) कृषि में नई भागीदार :- 

 अप्रैल 2018 में पीएम के पी शर्मा ओली की भारत यात्रा के दौरान, भारत-नेपाल कृषि में नई भागीदारी 'शुरू की गई थी। . मई 2018 में, दोनों देशों ने संयुक्त रूप से नेपाल-भारत मैत्री सिंचाई परियोजना का उद्घाटन किया। परियोजना के तहत। तराई क्षेत्र के 12 जिलों में 2700 उथले नलकूप सिंचाई प्रणालियाँ स्थापित की गई हैं।

(VI) ऊर्जा :- 

• भारत और नेपाल के बीच 1971 से दोनों देशों के सीमावर्ती क्षेत्रों में बिजली की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए एक पावर एक्सचेंज समझौता है।

  • पहली उच्च क्षमता वाली 400 केवी मुजफ्फरपुर (भारत) - ढलकेबार (नेपाल) क्रॉस-बॉर्डर पावर ट्रांसमिशन लाइन 2016 में भारतीय फंडिंग से पूरी हुई थी।

  • भारत सरकार की अनुदान सहायता से निर्मित कटैया (भारत)-कुसाहा (नेपाल) और रक्सौल (भारत)-परवानीपुर (नेपाल) के बीच दो अतिरिक्त 132 केवी क्रॉस-बॉर्डर ट्रांसमिशन लाइनें 2017 में पूरी हुईं।  

• भारत वर्तमान में नेपाल को कुल लगभग 600 मेगावाट बिजली की आपूर्ति कर रहा है।  

• दक्षिण एशिया की पहली सीमा पार पेट्रोलियम उत्पाद पाइपलाइन, इंडियन ऑयल कॉर्पोरेशन लिमिटेड द्वारा निर्मित और वित्त पोषित। भारत में मोतिहारी को नेपाल के अमलेखगंज से जोड़ने का उद्घाटन सितंबर 2019 में किया गया था। 

 (VII) जल संसाधन :- 

• बड़ी संख्या में छोटी और बड़ी नदियाँ नेपाल से भारत की ओर बहती हैं और गंगा नदी घाटियों का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा हैं।  

• दोनों देशों के बीच जल संसाधन, बाढ़ प्रबंधन, बाढ़ और जलविद्युत में सहयोग से संबंधित मुद्दों पर चर्चा करने के लिए 2008 में स्थापित एक त्रिस्तरीय द्विपक्षीय तंत्र अच्छी तरह से काम कर रहा है।

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सोवा - रिग्पा ( Sowa - Rigpa ) :-

#UPSC #UPPSC 

🚩 आयुष मंत्रालय द्वारा लेह स्थित नेशनल इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ सोवा रिग्पा एवं सिक्किम के नामग्याल इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ तिब्बतोलॉजी ( एनआईटी ) के सहयोग से पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों में कार्यरत सोवा - रिग्पा चिकित्सकों के लिए राष्ट्रीय कार्यशाला का आयोजन किया जाएगा । 

🚩 ' सोवा- रिग्पा ' को सामान्यतः ' आमची ' चिकित्सा पद्धति के रूप में जाना जाता है , जो कि विश्व की प्राचीनतम चिकित्सकीय परंपराओं में से एक है । यह लद्दाख , हिमाचल प्रदेश , अरुणाचल प्रदेश , सिक्किम और दार्जिलिंग में प्रचलित है । 

🚩 कुछ विद्वानों का मानना है कि 2500 वर्ष से अधिक प्राचीन यह चिकित्सा पद्धति भारत में विकसित हुई है जबकि कुछ चीन या तिब्बत से उत्पन्न मानते हैं । 

🚩 इसके अधिकांश सिद्धांत ' आयुर्वेद ' के समान है जो ' पंचमहाभुत ' एवं ' त्रिदोष ' पर आधारित है । ' सोवा - रिग्पा ' के अनुसार हमारा शरीर पांच भौतिक तत्त्वों से निर्मित है , जब इन तत्त्वों का अनुपात हमारे शरीर में असंतुलित हो जाता है तो शरीर में रोग उत्पन्न हो जाते हैं ।

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विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार के बारे में सब कुछ।।

समाचार में क्यों? 

 • भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक (RBI) ने मार्च 2022 को समाप्त छह महीनों के दौरान भारत की विदेशी मुद्रा (विदेशी मुद्रा) टोकरी में एक और 58 टन सोना जोड़ा, जिससे देश की सोने की होल्डिंग 760.42 टन हो गई। 

 • आरबीआई का स्वर्ण अधिग्रहण ऐसे समय में हुआ जब विदेशी पोर्टफोलियो निवेशक (एफपीआई) भारत छोड़ रहे थे और भारत का विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार 44.73 अरब डॉलर (सितंबर 2021 में 642.45 अरब डॉलर से 29 अप्रैल, 2022 को 597.72 अरब डॉलर) गिर गया। 

✓ विदेशी मुद्रा (विदेशी मुद्रा) भंडार 

• विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार सोने, विशेष आहरण अधिकार (एसडीआर) और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष (आईएमएफ) की आरक्षित स्थिति और भारत द्वारा संचित और भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक द्वारा नियंत्रित विदेशी मुद्रा संपत्ति के रूप में बाहरी संपत्ति हैं।

• विदेशी मुद्रा आस्तियों (भारत में विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार का सबसे बड़ा घटक) में पूंजी बाजार में पूंजी प्रवाह, प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश (एफडीआई) और बाहरी वाणिज्यिक उधार (ईसीबी) शामिल हैं।

  • आईएमएफ के अनुसार, विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार एक देश द्वारा निम्नलिखित उद्देश्यों को पूरा करने के लिए रखा जाता है जैसे -

 1. राष्ट्रीय या संघ मुद्रा के समर्थन में हस्तक्षेप करने की क्षमता सहित मौद्रिक और विनिमय दर प्रबंधन नीतियों में विश्वास को प्रोत्साहित करना और बनाए रखना। 

 2. यह संकट की अवधि के दौरान या जब ऋण तक पहुंच कम हो जाती है, तो झटके को अवशोषित करने के लिए विदेशी मुद्रा तरलता के रखरखाव के माध्यम से बाहरी भेद्यता को भी कम करेगा। 

 कहाँ रखा है ?  

• आरबीआई विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार के संरक्षक और प्रबंधक के रूप में कार्य करता है और सरकार के साथ सहमत समग्र नीति ढांचे के भीतर काम करता है।  

• 1934 का भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक अधिनियम विभिन्न विदेशी मुद्रा आस्तियों और सोने में भंडार लगाने के लिए एक समग्र कानूनी ढांचा स्थापित करता है।  

• आरबीआई के आंकड़ों के अनुसार, विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार का 64% विदेशी देशों के ट्रेजरी बिल (मुख्य रूप से यूएसडी) जैसी प्रतिभूतियों में रखा जाता है, 28% विदेशी केंद्रीय बैंकों में जमा किया जाता है और 4% विदेशी वाणिज्यिक बैंकों में भी जमा किया जाता है।  

• भारत के पास भी 760.42 टन सोना (मार्च 2022 तक) था। इसमें से 453.52 टन सोना विदेशों में बैंक ऑफ इंग्लैंड और बैंक ऑफ इंटरनेशनल सेटलमेंट्स के पास सुरक्षित रखा जाता है, जबकि 295.82 टन सोना घरेलू स्तर पर रखा जाता है।

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एसोसिएशन ऑफ साउथईस्ट एशियन नेशंस (आसियान)

आसियान खबरों में क्यों?:-

  राष्ट्रपति जो बिडेन ने चीन के बढ़ते दबदबे के सामने दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया के लिए दीर्घकालिक प्रतिबद्धता का वादा किया क्योंकि उन्होंने वाशिंगटन में पहले शिखर सम्मेलन के लिए आसियान नेताओं से मुलाकात की। 

 शिखर सम्मेलन 45 वर्षों में पहली बार आसियान नेताओं को व्हाइट हाउस में आमंत्रित किया गया है। 2016 में, राष्ट्रपति ओबामा, कैलिफोर्निया के रैंचो मिराज में आयोजित शिखर सम्मेलन की मेजबानी करने वाले पहले अमेरिकी नेता थे।

• 1967 में आसियान घोषणा (बैंकॉक घोषणा) ने शांति और सहयोग के सिद्धांतों को औपचारिक रूप दिया, जिसके लिए आसियान समर्पित है।  

• आसियान चार्टर 15 दिसंबर 2008 को लागू हुआ।  

• आसियान के 10 सदस्य देश हैं: थाईलैंड, फिलीपींस, मलेशिया, इंडोनेशिया, सिंगापुर, ब्रुनेई दारुस्सलाम, वियतनाम, लाओ पीडीआर, म्यांमार और कंबोडिया। 2002 में आसियान और भारत शिखर-स्तरीय भागीदार और 2012 में सामरिक भागीदार बने।

दक्षिण पूर्व एशियाई राष्ट्र संघ (आसियान) के बारे में :- 

• आसियान एक क्षेत्रीय अंतर सरकारी संगठन है जिसमें दस दक्षिण पूर्व एशियाई देश शामिल हैं।  

• इसका उद्देश्य अंतर सरकारी सहयोग को बढ़ावा देना और अपने सदस्यों और अन्य एशियाई राज्यों के बीच आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सुरक्षा, सैन्य, शैक्षिक और सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक एकीकरण को सुविधाजनक बनाना है।

भारत - आसियान व्यापार संबंध:- 

• सामान्य तौर पर, आसियान भारत का चौथा सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक भागीदार है और भारत आसियान का 7वां सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक भागीदार है जो भारत के कुल व्यापार का 10.2% है।  

• वित्त वर्ष 2019 के लिए भारत और आसियान के बीच कुल द्विपक्षीय व्यापार 96.7 बिलियन डॉलर था जिसमें से 

> आसियान को भारत का निर्यात 37.4 बिलियन डॉलर का था और

 > आसियान से इसका आयात 59.3 बिलियन डॉलर था।  

> व्यापार संतुलन आसियान के लिए अत्यधिक अनुकूल है।

• आसियान और भारत ने 2022 तक 200 बिलियन अमरीकी डालर का व्यापार लक्ष्य निर्धारित किया है।  

 • 2018 में भारत से 1.7 बिलियन अमरीकी डालर की राशि के FDI प्रवाह की महत्वपूर्ण वसूली हुई है। इसने भारत को आसियान वार्ता भागीदारों के बीच एफडीआई के आसियान के छठे सबसे बड़े स्रोत के रूप में रखा। 

 • व्यापार और निवेश पर, आसियान-भारत माल व्यापार समझौते (AITIGA) की समीक्षा लंबे समय से लंबित है। भारत ने समझौते की जल्द समीक्षा करने का आह्वान किया है।

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प्रधानमंत्री उज्ज्वला योजना ।।

 खबरों में क्यों ?

  हाल ही में एक सूचना के अधिकार (RTI) आवेदन के जवाब में खुलासा हुआ कि वित्त वर्ष 2021-22 में प्रधानमंत्री उज्ज्वला योजना के 90 लाख लाभार्थियों ने अपना सिलेंडर नहीं भरा। साथ ही, 1 करोड़ से अधिक लाभार्थियों ने केवल एक बार अपने सिलेंडरों को रिफिल किया। 

 प्रधान मंत्री उज्ज्वला योजना के बारे में :-  

• प्रधान मंत्री उज्ज्वला योजना मई, 2016 में प्रधान मंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी द्वारा 'स्वच्छ ईंधन, बेहतर जीवन' के नारे के साथ शुरू की गई थी। 

 • इसका उद्देश्य महिलाओं और बच्चों को स्वच्छ खाना पकाने का ईंधन - एलपीजी प्रदान करके उनके स्वास्थ्य की रक्षा करना है, ताकि उन्हें धुएँ वाली रसोई में अपने स्वास्थ्य से समझौता न करना पड़े या जलाऊ लकड़ी इकट्ठा करने के लिए असुरक्षित क्षेत्रों में भटकना न पड़े।

  • कार्यान्वयन एजेंसी: पेट्रोलियम और प्राकृतिक गैस मंत्रालय

 • बजट: 8,000 करोड़ रुपये

योजना की विशेषताएं:- 

 • अगले 3 वर्षों (2016-19) में 1600 रुपये प्रति कनेक्शन के समर्थन के साथ बीपीएल (गरीबी रेखा से नीचे) परिवारों को 5 करोड़ एलपीजी कनेक्शन प्रदान किए जाने थे। 

• इसके बाद अप्रैल 2018 में लक्ष्य को संशोधित कर 8 करोड़ एलपीजी कनेक्शन कर दिया गया। घरों की महिलाओं के नाम पर कनेक्शन जारी किए जाते हैं। 

✍ योजना के कार्यान्वयन में चुनौतियां :-

• पीएमयूवाई योजना को लागू करते समय सरकार को निम्नलिखित चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ा:

 1. गरीब परिवारों की पहचान: मुफ्त एलपीजी कनेक्शन के आवंटन में यह प्रमुख चुनौती थी, क्योंकि प्रामाणिक डेटा की कमी थी जो पहचान में मदद कर सके। 100% सटीकता के साथ गरीब परिवार। हालांकि सरकार ने SECC-2011 के आंकड़ों का इस्तेमाल किया, लेकिन यह बताया गया कि कई योग्य परिवार फील्ड वर्क के दौरान छूट गए थे। 

 2. SECC डेटा का दुरुपयोग: यह नोट किया गया था कि SECC-2011 डेटा में कुछ संपन्न परिवारों को BPL परिवारों के रूप में भी सूचीबद्ध किया गया था और इसलिए SECC डेटाबेस में प्रत्येक डेटा की प्रामाणिकता को मान्य करना चुनौतीपूर्ण हो गया। 

 3. लाभार्थियों के बीच सुरक्षा जागरूकता: चूंकि अधिकांश लाभार्थी गरीब और निरक्षर पृष्ठभूमि से थे, इसलिए उन्हें एलपीजी स्टोव पर खाना पकाने के लिए सुरक्षा आवश्यकताओं के बारे में सीमित जागरूकता थी।

4. अनुपलब्धता: इसके अलावा, कई योग्य परिवारों में इस तरह के राशन कार्ड और आधार कार्ड के रूप में अनिवार्य दस्तावेजों नहीं था।

  5. रसोई गैस वितरण की सीमित पहुंच का: देश के कुछ हिस्सों में, एलपीजी वितरकों कानून एवं व्यवस्था के मुद्दों या यह एक वन क्षेत्र होने के कारण स्थापित नहीं किया जा सकता है। उन क्षेत्रों में परिवारों को अभी भी योजना के साथ काट दिया और क्लीनर खाना पकाने के लिए ईंधन की पहुंच है करने में असमर्थ हैं कर रहे हैं।

✍ उज्ज्वला योजना का प्रदर्शन (पहले चरण)

 • इस योजना के तहत 8 करोड़ एलपीजी कनेक्शन की रिहाई एलपीजी कवरेज 1 अप्रैल 2021 पर के रूप में 99.8% करने के लिए 1 पर 62% से बढ़ रही है मई 2016 में मदद की

 • योजना 1.46 करोड़ से अधिक लाभान्वित किया गया है उत्तर प्रदेश में बीपीएल परिवारों, पश्चिम बंगाल में 88 लाख, बिहार में 85 लाख, मध्य प्रदेश में 71 लाख और राजस्थान में 63 लाख। वित्तीय वर्ष 21-22 के लिए उज्ज्वला 2.0 योजना 

• केंद्रीय बजट में उज्ज्वला 2.0 के तहत एक अतिरिक्त 1 करोड़ एलपीजी कनेक्शन के लिए प्रावधान की घोषणा की गई।

  • इस चरण में, विशेष सुविधाओं प्रवासी परिवारों के लिए दिया गया है। > प्रवासी राशन कार्ड या पते के प्रमाण प्रस्तुत करने के लिए आवश्यक नहीं किया जाएगा। > दोनों 'परिवार घोषणा' के लिए और एक 'पते का प्रमाण' पर्याप्त होगा के रूप में एक स्व-घोषणा।

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इंटीग्रेटेड बैटल ग्रुप (IBG) क्या है?

 ✍ खबरों में क्यों हैं ? 

 हाल ही में, भारतीय सेना प्रमुख जनरल मनोज पांडे ने कहा कि सेना सितंबर, 2022 के अंत तक दो एकीकृत युद्ध समूहों (IBGS) को तैनात करने की योजना बना रही है। सेना ने पश्चिमी मोर्चे पर एक होल्डिंग फॉर्मेशन और उत्तरी पर एक स्ट्राइक फॉर्मेशन की पहचान की है। सीमाओं को चुस्त एकीकृत युद्ध समूहों (आईबीजी) में परिवर्तित किया जाना है।

✍ एक एकीकृत लड़ाई समूह (IBG) क्या है?

• एकीकृत लड़ाई समूह (IBGS), एक मेजर जनरल रैंक अधिकारी की अध्यक्षता वाली ब्रिगेड आकार चुस्त होने इकाइयों और आत्मनिर्भर मुकाबला संरचनाओं हैं।

  • प्रत्येक IBG विल्ली 5,000 के एक दल शक्ति, एक ब्रिगेड (3000-3,500) से भी बड़ा है, लेकिन एक प्रभाग (10,000-12,000) की तुलना में छोटे है।

  • IBGS भी बचाव की मुद्रा में है और प्रकृति में आक्रामक हो जाएगा।

  • यह एक मुकाबला बल अधिक घातक और प्रौद्योगिकी के समर्थन के साथ एक आधुनिक युद्ध लड़ने के लिए उपयुक्त बनाने के उद्देश्य से निर्माण है। 

 • शत्रुता के मामले में, वे तेजी से दुश्मनों के खिलाफ हमला कर सकता है।

✍ एक आईबीजी की जरूरत :- 

• 2001 में संसद पर हुए आतंकवादी हमले के बाद की आवश्यकता, भारतीय सैन्य ऑपरेशन पराक्रम के तहत बड़े पैमाने पर लामबंदी चलाया लेकिन सेना की संरचनाओं जो गहरे अंदर थे सप्ताह आश्चर्य का तत्व खोने जुटाने के लिए ले लिया।  

• भारतीय सेना के पुनर्गठन के लिए अनुमोदन अगस्त 2019 में रक्षा मंत्री राजनाथ सिंह प्रदान की गई थी 

• 13 लाख मजबूत भारतीय सेना के पुनर्गठन का उद्देश्य 'यह leaner और meaner बनाने के लिए और अपने लड़ाकू प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए है। 

• वर्तमान सेना पर एक ब्रिगेड, 3-5 ब्रिगेड शामिल एक प्रभाग शामिल 3-5 इकाइयों, 3-4 एक कोर शामिल प्रभागों के लिए जाना जाता है।

  • जबकि एक कमान एक परिभाषित भूगोल भर में सेना प्रसार का सबसे बड़ा स्थिर गठन, एक कोर सबसे बड़ी मोबाइल गठन है। 

 • एकीकृत लड़ाई समूह भारतीय सेना में विभाजन के गठन की जगह लेगा। 

 • तालमेल, सामंजस्य, जुटाव के समय को बचाने में सुधार और लड़ाकू प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए, सेना अब पुनर्गठन 12 इलाके और भूमिका विशिष्ट IBGS के लिए होगा।

✍ महत्व प्रारंभिक चरण में :- 

• भारतीय सेना 12 आधुनिक IBGS में अपनी खड़े बलों पुनर्गठन का निर्णय लिया गया है।  

• ये हर हाथ और पैदल सेना, तोपखानों, बख़्तरबंद, इंजीनियर, सिग्नल, वायु रक्षा, और दूसरों की तरह सेवा का मिश्रण होगा।

  • हर IBG दर्जी निर्मित किया जाएगा और तीन टी के आधार पर किया जाएगा - खतरा, भू-भाग, और कार्य।  

• ये लड़ाई समूहों सभी तत्वों को एक साथ लड़ रहे हो जाएगा और एक तरीके से स्थित होगा कि वे एक छोटी, तीव्र युद्ध और पार करने के बिना कब्जा उथले उद्देश्यों से लड़ने के लिए एक बहुत छोटे समय सीमा में और बहुत अधिक से अधिक प्रभावशीलता के साथ प्रभावी हो सकता है शामिल होंगे हमारे दोनों प्रतिद्वंद्वियों के परमाणु सीमा। 

 • IBGS तेज प्रतिक्रिया के लिए आपरेशन के अपने निर्धारित क्षेत्र के करीब स्थित हो जाएगा। अपने स्थान के आधार पर, उनके लामबंदी से अधिक 12 से 24 घंटे नहीं ले जाएगा।  

• यह कार्य, इलाके और धमकी के आधार पर संसाधन का अनुकूलन आवंटन करना संभव हो जाएगा, विशेष रूप से एक दो सामने युद्ध परिदृश्य (पाकिस्तान और चीन) के एक स्थिति में।

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मयिलाडुम्पराई ( Mayiladumparai ):-

✓[ हाल ही में , तमिलनाडु के कृष्णागिरी ज़िले में मयिलाडुम्पराई पुरातात्त्विक स्थल से लोहे के उपयोग के 4,200 वर्ष पहले के अर्थात् लगभग 2200 ईसा पूर्व के साक्ष्य पाए गए हैं । वर्तमान में यह लोहे का उपयोग करने वाला भारत में प्राचीनतम स्थल है ... ] 

✍ यह लघुपाषाण काल ( 30,000 ईसा पूर्व ) और प्रारंभिक ऐतिहासिक ( 600 ईसा पूर्व ) युग के मध्य का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थल है । इसकी खोज प्रोफेसर राजन ने 1990 के दशक में की थी । 

✍ इस स्थल के 10 किमी . के दायरे में कई अन्य पुरातात्त्विक स्थल जैसे- तोगरापल्ली , गंगावरम , संदूर , वेदारथट्टक्कल , गुहूर , गिदलुर , कप्पलवाड़ी भी अवस्थित हैं । 

✍ इस नवीनतम खोज से पहले , तमिलनाडु में लोहे के उपयोग का प्राचीनतम साक्ष्य मेट्टूर के पास थेलुंगनूर और मंगडु से प्राप्त हुआ था , जो 1500 ईसा पूर्व का है जबकि भारत में लोहे के उपयोग का प्राचीनतम प्रमाण 1900-2000 ईसा पूर्व का माना जाता था । 

✍ ध्यातव्य है कि सिंधु घाटी में लोहे का उपयोग नहीं किया गया है । जब लोहे की तकनीक का आविष्कार हुआ , तो इसने कृषि उपकरणों और हथियारों का उत्पादन में योगदान दिया जिससे आर्थिक और सांस्कृतिक प्रगति को बल मिला ।

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Environmentally friendly plastics

Bio-plastics 

● It is made from natural materials such as corn starch. 

Bio-plastics generally do not produce a net increase in carbon dioxide gas when they break down 

● Good thing about bio-plastics is that they're compostable

● They decay into natural materials that blend harmlessly with soil.

Biodegradable plastics 

● It is made from traditional petrochemicals, which are engineered to break down more quickly. 

● They contain additives that cause them to decay more rapidly in the presence of light and oxygen 

● Unlike bio-plastics, biodegradable plastics are made of normal (petrochemical) plastics and don't always break down into harmless substances

● Sometimes they leave behind a toxic residue and that makes them generally (but not always) unsuitable for composting.

Recycled plastics 

● These are simply plastics made from recycled plastic materials rather than raw petrochemicals.

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Different Types of farming - Most Important Article

🟠Carbon Farming

Carbon farming (also known as carbon sequestration) is a system of agricultural management that helps the land store more carbon and reduce the amount of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) that it releases into the atmosphere.

⚫️Zero Budget natural farming

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a type of chemical-free farming where the total cost of growing and harvesting plants comes out to be zero .

🟠Mixed farming 

Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops and the raising of livestock. 

⚫️Vertical Farming

- Vertical farming grows crops in vertical, stacked layers without putting too much impact on land and water resources

-In 1915, Gilbert Ellis Bailey coined the term vertical farming and he went on to write a namesake book.

- Aeroponics and hydroponics are Vertical farming systems.

🟠Hydroponics 

-It is a method of growing plants in a water-based, nutrient-rich solution.

-In this, the root system is supported using an inert medium such as perlite, clay pellets, peat moss or vermiculite.

- Purpose is to provide access to oxygen which is essential for proper growth.

⚫️Aeroponics

- It is an environment-friendly way of farming in which the roots are suspended in the air and plants grow in a humid environment without soil.

- The roots of the plants, in this method, are sprayed with water and nutrient solution.

- This technique enables farmers to control humidity, temperature, pH levels and water conductivity inside a greenhouse.

🟠Aquaponics

 -Aquaponics is a system that combines hydroponics and aquaculture within a closed system.

-There are three biological components in the aquaponics process: fishes, plants, and bacteria.

-The system represents a symbiotic relationship between the plants and the fishes; the fish feces is used as fertilizer for the plants, and the plants clean the water for the fish.

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UN Global Compact Initiative

● It was Launched in 2000

● It is principle-based framework for businesses, stating 10 

principles in areas of human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption 

● It is non-binding United Nations pact to encourage businesses and firms worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies, and to report on their 

implementation

● Under this Global Compact, companies are brought together with UN agencies, labor groups and civil society 

● Cities can also join Global Compact through Cities Programme.

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Earth Overshoot Day

● It fell on 29th July, 2021. 

● Day marks the date when humanity’s demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what the Earth can regenerate in that year.

● It was first conceived by Andrew Simms of the UK think tank New Economics Foundation, which partnered with Global Footprint Network in 2006 to launch the first global Earth Overshoot Day campaign.

● Earth Overshoot Day = (Planet’s Biocapacity / Humanity’s Ecological Footprint) x 365

● Global Footprint Network is an international non profit organization founded in the year 2003.

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रूपपुर परमाणु ऊर्जा संयंत्र -

¶ रूपपुर परमाणु ऊर्जा संयंत्र बांग्लादेश के पाबना ज़िले के रूपपुर में पद्मा नदी के तट पर अवस्थित है । इस संयंत्र की दो निर्माणाधीन ईकाइयों के 2023 और 2024 में पूर्ण होने की उम्मीद है । 

¶ इस परियोजना पर भारत , रूस के साथ मिलकर काम कर रहा है । वर्ष 2018 में भारत - रूस - बांग्लादेश के मध्य इस परियोजना के लिये समझौता ज्ञापन पर हस्ताक्षर किया गया था । विदित है कि देश से बाहर भारत का पहला परमाणु ऊर्जा उद्यम है । 

¶ यह बांग्लादेश की पहली परमाणु ऊर्जा परियोजना होगी , जिसकी प्रत्येक इकाई की क्षमता 1200 मेगावाट की होगी । इस परियोजना की दो इकाइयों के चालू होने से भारत और पाकिस्तान के बाद बांग्लादेश दक्षिण एशिया का तीसरा देश होगा जो परमाणु ऊर्जा का दोहन करेगा । 

¶ हाल ही में , परमाणु ऊर्जा के शांतिपूर्ण उपयोग पर भारत - बांग्लादेश संयुक्त समिति की बैठक का आयोजन ढाका में किया गया है ।

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