मिसेज वर्ल्ड 2022 ~ सरगम कौशल ।।

🛑 मिसेज वर्ल्ड का खिताब जीतकर देशवासियों का नाम रोशन करने वाली सरगम कौशल जम्मू कश्मीर की निवासी हैं. वो एक शिक्षक और मॉडल हैं. सरगम की शादी 2018 में हुई थी. शादी के बाद से ही उनके दिल में ब्यूटी पेजेंट जीतने का जुनून सवार था. इसके बाद उन्होंने मिसेज वर्ल्ड प्रतियोगिता में हिस्सा लिया.कॉन्फिडेंस और सुंदरता साथ लेकर अमेरिका के लास वेगास पहुंची सरगम कौशल जीत कर ही भारत वापस लौटीं. सरगम कौशल मिसेज इंडिया 2022 में भी हिस्सा ले चुकी हैं. उन्होंने  मिसेज इंडिया का खिताब जीता भी था. शादी के बाद पहले सरगम ने मिसेज इंडिया का ताज जीता. वहीं अब उन्होंने मिसेज वर्ल्ड बन कर साबित किया कि अगर सपनों की उड़ान ऊंची हो, तो फर्क नहीं पड़ता कि आप शादीशुदा हैं या नहीं. सरगम कौशल को दिल से बधाई.

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Global Shield against Climate Risks

● Launched by: G7 and Vulnerably Twenties (V20) launched at COP 27, Sharm El-Sheikh.

● It is pre-arranged financial support that established for the needs of poor and vulnerable countries facing increasing risks of losses and damages from climate change.

● It is a social protection and insurance-based finance mechanism for loss and damage outside the UNFCCC process.

● It will be supported by the World Bank under Global Shield Financing Facility.

● Pakistan will be among the first recipients of funding from the G7 ‘Global Shield’ initiative.

● V20 is a dedicated cooperation initiative of economies systemically vulnerable to climate change.It was established in 2015 at Lima,Peru

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प्रधानमंत्री किसान सम्मान निधि ।।

Government Schemes

✍️ 24 फरवरी, 2019 (नरेन्द्र मोदी ने गोरखपुर, उ.प्र. से)

✍️ लघु एवं सीमांत कृषकों को निवेश एवं अन्य आवश्यकताओं हेतु एक सुनिश्चित पूरक आय उपलब्ध कराने के साथ-साथ फसल कटाई मौसम से पूर्व किसानों की आकस्मिक आवश्यकताओं को भी पूरा करने में मदद करना।

✍️ प्रधानमंत्री किसान सम्मान निधि योजना के तहत पात्र परिवारों को प्रति वर्ष 6000/- रु. की आर्थिक सहायता हर चार महीने में (2000रु.) की तीन किश्तों दी जाएगी।

प्रधानमंत्री किसान पेंशन योजना

✍️ शुरुआत - 31 मई, 2019

✍️ 60 वर्ष की आयु प्राप्त करने पर, कुछ विशेष मानदंडों के अधीन, लघु और सीमांत किसानों को रु 30,000 / - की न्यूनतम निश्चित पेंशन प्रदान करना।

✍️ 18 से 40 वर्ष के बीच की उम्र के छोटे और सीमांत किसान इस योजना में शामिल होने के लिए पात्र हैं। इस योजना के तहत किसानों को हर महीने औसतन 100 रुपये का योगदान करना होगा।

PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi

✍️ Launched - 24 February, 2019 (Narendra Modi from Gorakhpur, U.P.)

✍️ Helping small and marginal farmers to provide an assured supplementary income for investment and other requirements, as well as meeting the contingent needs of farmers before the harvesting season.

✍️ Under the PM Kisan Yojana, income support of Rs 6000 per annum is provided to all eligible farmer families across the country in three equal installments of Rs 2,000 each every four months.

Pradhanmantri Kisan Pension Yojana

✍️ Launched - 31 May, 2019

✍️ A minimum fixed pension of Rs.3,000/- is provided to the small and marginal farmers, subject to certain exclusion criteria, on attaining the age of 60 years.

✍️ Small and Marginal Farmers between the age of 18 to 40 years are eligible to join this scheme. Under this scheme, farmers will have to contribute an average of Rs 100 per month.

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Carbon Border tax

● CBT It is a duty on imports based on the amount of carbon emissions resulting from the production of the product in question, that have not been carbon-taxed at source 

● carbon intensive sector such as cement, steel etc. will be included in it.

● It is proposed by European Union, with effect from 2026

● At COP-27, BASIC group comprising Brazil, South Africa, India and China, opposed the carbon border adjustment mechanism.

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महत्वपूर्ण सरकारी योजनाएं (Government Schemes)

🧑🏻‍💻 संपूर्ण बीमा ग्राम योजना –

✍️ 13 अक्टूबर, 2017 (तत्कालीन दूरसंचार राज्य मंत्री (स्वतंत्र प्रभार) मनोज सिन्हा द्वारा शुरु की गई।

✍️ उद्देश्य – योजना के तहत प्रत्येक जिले से कम-से-कम एक गांव जिसमें न्यूनतम 100 परिवार हों, को चिन्हित कर उस गांव के सभी परिवारों को कम-से-कम एक ग्रामीण डाक जीवन बीमा पालिसी से आच्छादित करना।

✍️ इस योजना के अंतर्गत सभी सांसद आदर्श गांवो को भी लाया जाएगा।

📌 प्रधानमंत्री कृषि सिंचाई योजना

✍️ शुरुआत - 1 जुलाई

✍️ उचित प्रौद्योगिकियों एवं पध्दतियों के माध्यम से जल का दक्ष उपयोग एवं क्षेत्रीय स्तर पर सिंचाई में निवेश संवर्धन।

✍️ इस योजना को 5 वर्षों (2015-16 से 2019-20) की अवधि के लिए ₹ 50,000 करोड़ के परिव्यय के साथ अनुमोदित किया गया था।

✍️ 15 दिसंबर‚ 2021 को आर्थिक मामलों की मंत्रिमंडलीय समिति ने वर्ष 2021-26 के लिए प्रधानमंत्री कृषि सिंचाई योजना (पीएमकेएसवाई) के क्रियान्वयन को मंजूरी प्रदान की।

✍️ योजना हेतु इस अवधि तक के लिए 93,068 करोड़ रुपये का प्रावधान किया गया है।

✍️ इसके “Per Drop More Crop” Component का कार्यान्वयन “Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW)” कर रहा है।

✍️ 1 जुलाई, 2015 को "हर खेत को पानी" के आदर्श वाक्य के साथ लॉन्च किया गया।

🧑🏻‍💻 Government Schemes -

📌 "Sampoorna Bima Gram Yojana"

✍️ Launched - 13, October 2017 (By the then Minister of State for Telecom (Independent Charge) Manoj Sinha

✍️ Objective - Under the scheme, at least one village having a minimum of 100 households will be identified in each of the revenue districts of the country and cover all households of that identified village with a minimum of one RPLI (Rural Postal Life Insurance) Policy each.

✍️ All Sansad Adarsh Gram will also be brought under this scheme.

📌 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

✍️ PM Narendra Modi unveiled the scheme on 13 January 2016. Commencement - effective from Kharif year 2016.

✍️ It aims to reduce the premium burden on farmers and ensure early settlement of crop assurance claim for the full insured sum.

✍️ Goal - To provide financial support to farmers in the event of damage to crops as a result of natural disasters, pests and diseases.

✍️ Crop coverage - Rabi, Kharif, commercial and horticultural crops have been included under this.

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अंतर्राष्ट्रीय छात्र दिवस

17th NOVEMBER

👩🏻‍🏫 International Students Day

      

🧑🏻‍🏫 To remember the courage of student activists during the 1939 Nazi attack at the University of Prague. 

👩🏻‍🏫The first observance took place in 1941 at the International Students’ Council in London.There students decided to introduce 'International Students’ Day.

🟢 NEWS

🔶UGC Guidelines: HEIs Must Add 25% More Seats For International Students

🔷ISRO Organized Young Scientist Programme “YUVIKA” For Students

🔶Gujarat CM Launched Student Start-Ups And Innovation Policy 2.0

🔷Telugu Film ‘Street Student’ Wins NHRC’s Short Film Award

🔶Tamil Nadu Government Launched “Pudhumai Penn Scheme” For Girl Students

🔷Tamil Nadu Launched Nalaya Thiran Skilling Programme For College Students

🔶Haryana Govt Launches ‘E-Adhigam’ Scheme To Distribute Tablets To Students

Note : World Students day is different from International Students Day 2022.

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South China Sea:

• South China Sea is an arm of western Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia.

• Countries bordering the South China Sea: Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand (via the Gulf of Thailand), Singapore, as well as East Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia on Borneo (Kalimantan).

• Two major archipelagos are known as the Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands, controlled by China.

• The entire Spratly Islands are claimed by Taiwan, Vietnam, and China, while Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines claim part of the archipelago.

• It is connected by Taiwan Strait with the East China Sea and by Luzon Strait with the Philippine Sea.

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Mangrove Alliance for Climate:

In_News: During the COP27 climate summit in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, the UAE and Indonesia announced the "Mangrove Alliance for Climate."

• It includes UAE, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Japan, and Spain.

• It seeks to educate and spread awareness worldwide on the role of mangroves in curbing global warming and its potential as a solution for climate change.

• Intergovernmental alliance works on a voluntary basis which means that there are no real checks and balances to hold members accountable.

• Instead, the parties will decide their own commitments and deadlines regarding planting and restoring mangroves.

• The members will also share expertise and support each other in researching, managing and protecting coastal areas.

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Hope Spots

• Hope Spot Network is a joint initiative of Mission Blue & IUCN. 

• A hope spot is an area of an ocean that needs special protection because of its wildlife & significant underwater 

habitats.

• They are chosen for their contributions to biodiversity, the carbon sink, and important habitat.

• They can be Marine Protected Area’s (MPA – defined by IUCN) that need attention or any new sites

Hope Spot Sites from India

• Lakshadweep Islands

• Andaman Nicobar Islands

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Bioprospecting

-Bioprospecting is defined as a systematic and organised search for useful products derived from bioresources including plants, microorganisms, animals, etc., that can be developed further for commercialization and overall benefits of the society.

Biopiracy 

-Biopiracy is defined as the privatisation and unauthorised use of biological resources by entities (including corporations, universities and governments) outside a country which has pre-existing knowledge of rare biological resources. Biopiracy is the theft or usurpation of genetic materials especially plants and other biological materials by the patent process. 

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Rohini Sounding Rocket -

- Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) is planning the 200th successful launch of the Rohini RH-200 sounding rocket.

● RH-200 ➔ Part of the Rohini-sounding rocket family used by the ISRO for atmospheric studies.

● It is a two-stage rocket capable of climbing to a height of 70 km.

● The 200 in the name denotes the diameter of the rocket in mm.

● The first and second stages of RH-200 are powered by solid motors.

ExtraShots - 

Sounding Rocket - 

●One or two-stage solid propellant rockets.

● Serves as platforms for testing prototypes of new components or subsystems.

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सहिष्णुता के लिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय दिवस।।

❇️ 16 November

🤝 International Day For Tolerance

  

🤝 The International Day for Tolerance is an annual observance day declared by UNESCO in 1995 to generate public awareness of the dangers of intolerance.

🗓 TIMELINE

1915

A human rights icon returns

Gandhi returns to India from South Africa to help his homeland fight for freedom through non-violence and tolerance.

1963

A dream is born

Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous "I Have A Dream" speech during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

1964

The Civil Rights Act is Enacted

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, is established.

🔶 United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

🔹Founded - 4 Nov 1946

🔹HQ - Paris France

🔹DG - Audrey Azouley

🔹MC -193

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वस्तु एवं सेवा कर परिषद से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य।।

✍️ 101वें संशोधन अधिनियम, 2016 ने देश में एक नई कर प्रणाली का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया (अर्थात् वस्तु एवं सेवा कर, जीएसटी)। 

✍️ संशोधन द्वारा संविधान में एक नया अनुच्छेद-279ए जोड़ा गया है। यह अनुच्छेद राष्ट्रपति को एक आदेश के द्वारा जीएसटी काउंसिल की स्थापना के लिए शक्तिमत करता है। इसी के अनुसार राष्ट्रपति ने 2016 में अपने आदेश द्वारा काउंसिल की स्थापना की।

✍️ काउंसिल का सचिवालय दिल्ली में स्थित है। केंद्रीय राजस्व सचिव काउंसिल के पदेन सचिव हैं। 

✍️ काउंसिल केन्द्र एवं राज्यों का एक संयुक्त फोरम है, जिसके निम्नलिखित सदस्य होते हैं –

 

A.केन्द्रीय वित्त मंत्री, अध्यक्ष

B.राजस्व अथवा वित्त के प्रभारी केन्द्रीय राज्यमंत्री तथा 

C.प्रत्येक राज्य के वित्त अथवा करारोपण के अथवा राज्य सरकार द्वारा नामित अन्य विभाग के मंत्री।

✍️ काउंसिल के राज्यों से नामित सदस्य आपस में से किसी को काउंसिल का उपाध्यक्ष चुनते हैं। वे उसके कार्यकाल को निर्धारित कर सकते हैं।

GST के अंतर्गत आने वाले कर – 

✍️ केंद्रीय कर - केंद्रीय उत्पाद शुल्क, अतिरिक्त उत्पाद शुल्क, सेवा कर, अतिरिक्त सीमा शुल्क (काउंटरवेलिंग ड्यूटी), विशेष अतिरिक्त सीमा शुल्क, अधिभार एवं उपकर

✍️ राज्य कर – राज्य मूल्य संवर्धन कर (VAT)/बिक्री कर, मनोरंजन कर (स्थानीय निकायों द्वारा लागू करों को छोड़कर), केंद्रीय बिक्री कर (केंद्र द्वारा आरोपित एवं राज्यों द्वारा संग्रहीत), चुंगी और प्रवेश कर, क्रय कर , विलासिता कर, लॉटरी, सट्टा और जुए पर कर 

Important Facts related to Goods and Services Tax Council –

✍️ The 101st Amendment Act, 2016 paved the way for a new tax system in the country (ie Goods and Services Tax, GST).

✍️ A new Article 279A has been added to the Constitution by amendment. This article empowers the President to establish the GST Council by an order. Accordingly, the President established the Council by his order in 2016.

✍️ The Secretariat of the Council is located in Delhi. The Union Revenue Secretary is the ex-officio Secretary of the Council.

✍️ The Council is a joint forum of the Center and the States, consisting of the following members -

A.Union Finance Minister, Chairman

B.Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance and 

C.Ministers of Finance or Taxation of each State or any other Department nominated by the State Government.

✍️ Nominated members from the Council's states choose from amongst themselves the Vice-Chairman of the Council. They can determine his tenure.

Taxes covered under GST –

✍️ Central Taxes - Central Excise Duty, Additional Excise Duty, Service Tax, Additional Customs Duty (Countervailing Duty), Special Additional Customs Duty, Surcharge and Cess

✍️ State Taxes – State Value Addition Tax (VAT)/Sales Tax, Entertainment Tax (excluding taxes levied by local bodies), Central Sales Tax (levied by the Center and collected by the States), Octroi and Entry Tax, Purchase Tax, Luxury Tax Taxes on Lotteries, Betting and Gambling

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वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (जी.एस.टी.) से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य ।।

✍️ GST को 101वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम 2016 के माध्यम से पेश किया गया था। यह देश के सबसे बड़े अप्रत्यक्ष कर सुधारों में से एक है। इसे ‘वन नेशन वन टैक्स’ (One Nation One Tax) के नारे के साथ पेश किया गया था। GST में उत्पाद शुल्क, मूल्यवर्द्धित कर (VAT), सेवा कर, विलासिता कर आदि जैसे अप्रत्यक्ष करों को सम्मिलित किया गया है। जीएसटी कर के व्यापक प्रभाव या कर के भार को कम करता है जो उपभोक्ता पर भारित होता है।

✍️ वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (जी.एस.टी.) घरेलू उपभोग के लिये बेचे जाने वाले अधिकांश वस्तुओं और सेवाओं पर लगाया जाने वाला मूल्यवर्द्धित कर है।

✍️ जीएसटी का भुगतान उपभोक्ताओं द्वारा किया जाता है, लेकिन यह वस्तुओं और सेवाओं को बेचने वाले व्यवसायों द्वारा सरकार को प्रेषित किया जाता है। 

✍️ जीएसटी, जिसने लगभग सभी घरेलू अप्रत्यक्ष करों (पेट्रोलियम, मादक पेय और स्टांप शुल्क प्रमुख अपवाद हैं) को एक मंच के अंर्तगत समाहित कर दिया, शायद यह स्वतंत्र भारत के इतिहास में सबसे बड़ा कर सुधार है। 

✍️ 1 जुलाई 2017 को भारत के ऐतिहासिक संघीय अप्रत्यक्ष कर जी.एस.टी को सरकार द्वारा पूरे देश में लागू किया गया। 

✍️ 101वां संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम भारतीय अप्रत्यक्ष कर प्रणाली को सरल, मितव्ययी, कुशल एवं व्यावहारिक बनाने हेतु वस्तु एवं सेवा कर का प्रावधान करता है।

✍️ जीएसटी एक अप्रत्यक्ष कर है, जिसने अपने पूर्ववर्ती अधिकांश अप्रत्यक्ष करों को प्रतिस्थापित कर एकल कर संरचना (अप्रत्यक्ष कर के संदर्भ में) को स्थापित किया है।

✍️ वस्तु के निर्माण या वस्तुओं की बिक्री या सेवाओं के प्रावधान पर पुरानी अवधारणा के विपरीत वस्तुओं या सेवाओं की 'आपूर्ति' पर जीएसटी लागू है।

✍️ जीएसटी पूरे देश में एक समान दर से लागू होने के कारण संपूर्ण भारत को एकीकृत साझा बाजार बनाने, स्वस्थ प्रतिस्पर्धाओं को बढ़ावा देने तथा उपभोक्ता एवं उत्पादकों के हितों का संरक्षण भी करता है।

✍️ भारतीय संघीय ढांचे के दृष्टिगत GST के दो घटक हैं – केंद्रीय जीएसटी (CGST) तथा राज्य जीएसटी (SGST)।

✍️ किसी राज्य क्षेत्र में हुए लेन-देन पर केंद्र और राज्य दोनों एक साथ मूल्य श्रृंखला पर वस्तु एवं सेवा कर लगाते हैं।

✍️ केंद्र CGST लगाता है और कर संग्रह करता है, जबकि राज्य SGST लगाते हैं और उसका संग्रहण करते हैं।

✍️ CGST, SGST व IGST केंद्र और राज्यों द्वारा पारस्परिक रूप से सहमत दरों पर लगाए जाते हैं। जीएसटी परिषद की सिफारिश पर दरें अधिसूचित की जाती हैं। बेस्ट स्टडी चैनल-स्टडी फॉर सिविल सर्विसेज

✍️ GST मूल-आधारित कराधान के सिद्धांत के विपरीत गंतव्य-आधारित उपभोग कराधान के सिद्धांत पर आधारित है।

✍️ वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं के अंतरराज्यीय व्यापार पर अनुच्छेद 269 (1) के तहत एकीकृत वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (IGST) लगाया जाता है। यह CGST एवं SGST के योग के बराबर होता है। IGST केन्द्र द्वारा लगाया और संग्रही किया जाता है तथा यह केंद्र एवं राज्यों के मध्य वितरित कर दिया जाता है।

✍️ 101वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम की धारा 18 में जीएसटी के लागू होने के कारण राज्यों को हुए राजस्व नुकासन की भरपाई के संदर्भ में प्रावधान किया गया है।

✍️ 15वें वित्त आयोग ने जीएसटी शासन में कर दरों की बहुलता, पूर्वानुमान के मुकाबले जीएसटी संग्रह में कमी, जीएसटी संग्रह में उच्च अस्थिरता, रिटर्न दाखिल करने में असंगति, मुआवज़े को लेकर केंद्र पर राज्यों की निर्भरता आदि विभिन्न क्षेत्रों पर प्रकाश डाला था।

Most Important Facts related to Goods and Services Tax (GST)

✍️ GST was introduced through the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act 2016. This is one of the biggest indirect tax reforms in the country. It was introduced with the slogan 'One Nation One Tax'. Indirect taxes like Excise Duty, Value Added Tax (VAT), Service Tax, Luxury Tax etc. have been subsumed in GST. GST reduces the cascading effect of tax or the burden of tax which is passed on to the consumer.

✍️ Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.

✍️ GST is paid by consumers, but it is remitted to the government by businesses selling goods and services.

✍️ The GST, which subsumed almost all domestic indirect taxes (petroleum, alcoholic beverages and stamp duty being the major exceptions) under one platform, is perhaps the biggest tax reform in the history of independent India.

✍️ Goods and Services Tax became effective across the country from 1st July 2017.

✍️ The 101st Constitutional Amendment Act provides for Goods and Services Tax to make the Indian indirect tax system simple, economical, efficient and practical.

✍️ GST is an indirect tax, which has established a single tax structure (in the context of indirect tax) by replacing most of its predecessor indirect taxes.

✍️ GST is applicable on 'supply' of goods or services as opposed to the old concept on manufacture or sale of goods or provision of services.

✍️ GST being implemented at a uniform rate across the country, makes India a unified common market, promotes healthy competition and also protects the interests of consumers and producers.

✍️ In the Indian federal structure, GST has two components – Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST).

✍️ Goods and Services Tax is levied on the value chain by both the Center and the states together on transactions done in a territory. best study channel-study for civil services

✍️ The Center levies and collects CGST, while the States levy and collect SGST.

✍️ CGST, SGST and IGST are levied by the Center and the States at mutually agreed rates. The rates are notified on the recommendation of the GST Council.

✍️ GST is based on the principle of destination-based consumption taxation as opposed to origin-based taxation.

✍ Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) is levied under Article 269 (1) on inter-state trade of goods and services. It is equal to the sum of CGST and SGST. IGST is levied and collected by the Center and it is distributed between the Center and the States.

✍️ In section 18 of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, a provision has been made in respect of compensation for the loss of revenue to the states due to the implementation of GST.

✍️ The 15th Finance Commission had highlighted various areas in the GST regime, such as multiplicity of tax rates, lower GST collections than forecast, high volatility in GST collections, inconsistency in filing returns, dependence of states on the Center for compensation, etc.

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Quarks -

● Quark ➔ fundamental constituent of matter and is defined as an elementary particle.

● Quarks ➔ combine to produce composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are neutrons and protons which are the components of atomic nuclei.

● Interact with the strong nuclear force.

● Protons and neutrons belong to the category of Quarks.

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Tissue culture –

● Plant tissue culture ➔ technique of in vitro growing cells, tissues, organs, etc.

● Through tissue culture whole plants could be regenerated from explants, i.e., any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in special nutrient media. 

● This capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is called totipotency.

● Even if the plant is infected with a virus, the meristem (apical and axillary) is free of virus. 

●Hence, one can remove the meristem and grow it in vitro to obtain virus-free plants. 

● Scientists have succeeded in culturing meristems of banana, sugarcane, potato, etc.

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Foreign Currency Non Resident (FCNR) Account

An account that can be opened with an Indian bank by a Non Resident Indian or a Person of Indian Origin in foreign currency is FCNR (B) account. The letter B in FCNR (B) stands for the word ‘Bank’. It is an account that allows the NRI to keep his deposits in foreign currency. Hassles of conversion can be reduced through such types of accounts.

✍️Features of FCNR account

➖The account is maintained in foreign currency. Pound sterling, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, Japanese Yen, Euro, United States dollar are few currency types in which an FCNR account can be opened today.

➖The account can be opened by a Non Resident Indian or Person of Indian origin and only an NRI or PIO can be joint holder to this account.

➖Only term deposit schemes are available to this account type and the period can be more than a year and a maximum of 5 years. If the account holder so wishes these accounts can also be transferred to other NRE/➖FCNR accounts before maturity period. Such transfers are subjected to penalties that are charged for premature withdrawals of the deposit.

➖Currency in the account is convertible to Indian currency freely.

➖Overseas corporate bodies (OCB) with at least 60% of the corporate body owned by NRIs were allowed to avail FCNR deposit schemes (prior September 2003). As on today the already existing FCNR accounts of OCBs can run till maturity but further renewal may not be possible.

➖Reserve Bank of India states that interest rate on term deposit schemes are to be fixed by board of directors of the bank (subject to RBI regulations).

➖Interest rate on term deposit is payable after the end of first year and the interest from there on is compounded half yearly.

➖Premature withdrawals of term deposit is allowed in this type of account and loss on interest earned, charges for swapping etc in the name of penalty is fixed by the bank where the term deposit is held. Instructions related to such penalties are mentioned by the bank in terms and conditions before the person opens an FCNR account. The same is applicable for account transfers from existing FCNR to other NRE/FCNR account.

➖Renewal of term deposits is possible on maturity and the person who is willing to renew has to renew the account within 14 days after maturity. If not then the bank will have the flexibility to fix interest rate on further renewal and also if such renewed accounts are withdrawn before a fixed overdue period of scheme, then the banks can take back the interest paid in overdue period.

➖Loans can be purchased against FCNR accounts and banks will have the right to change interest rate on term deposit schemes when a loan is taken against this account.

➖Loans from Indian banks in foreign currency are permissible against this account for an investment purpose in India. 

✍️Documents required for opening an FCNR (B) account:-

➖Photocopy of passport of the account proposer

➖Photocopy of Visa of the account proposer

➖Statements from bank accounts held overseas

➖A proof of current residence (foreign)

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FERA VS FEMA: A comparison

While FERA is an Act of the Parliament introduced in the year 1973, with an intent to manage and conserve India’s foreign reserves, the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) is an extension to the already existing law. The purpose behind the enactment of FEMA was not only to regulate and facilitate foreign exchange but also for promoting foreign trade and payments along with escalating the size of foreign exchange reserves in India. Promulgated in the year 1999, FEMA, unlike the erstwhile law, liberalised the foreign exchange controls and restrictions on foreign investments to a significant extent.

Not only this, but the latter also laid stress on systematic development and proper management of the forex market in the country. Unlike FERA, the violation of FEMA is a compoundable offence, the charges of which can be removed. Besides this, there are different retributions for contravening the provisions of FERA and FEMA.

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Exchange Earner’s Foreign Currency (EEFC) Account

Exchange Earners’ Foreign Currency Account (EEFC) is an account maintained in foreign currency with an Authorised Dealer Category – I bank i.e. a bank authorized to deal in foreign exchange. It is a facility provided to the foreign exchange earners, including exporters, to credit 100 per cent of their foreign exchange earnings to the account, so that the account holders do not have to convert foreign exchange into Rupees and vice versa, thereby minimizing the transaction costs.

You can open an EEFC account in the following currencies:

➖United States Dollar (USD)

➖EURO

➖Great Britain Pound (GBP)

➖Japanese Yen (JPY)

➖Swiss Franc (CHF)

➖Singapore Dollar (SGD)

➖Canadian Dollar (CAD)

➖Australian Dollar (AUD)

➖United Arab Emirates Dirham (AED)

➖New Zealand Dollar (NZD)

➖Swedish kroner (SEK)

➖Saudi Riyal (SAR)

➖Hong Kong Dollar (HKD)

➖Thai Baht (THB)

➖Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD)

➖South African Rand (SAR)

➖Norwegian Kroner (NOK)

Who can open an EEFC account?

All categories of foreign exchange earners, such as individuals, companies, etc., who are resident in India, may open EEFC accounts.

Can interest be paid on these accounts?

An EEFC account can be held only in the form of a current account. No interest is payable on EEFC accounts.

How much of one’s foreign exchange earnings can be credited into an EEFC account?

100% foreign exchange earnings can be credited to the EEFC account subject to the condition that the sum total of the accruals in the account during a calendar month should be converted into Rupees on or before the last day of the succeeding calendar month after adjusting for utilization of the balances for approved purposes or forward commitments.

Is there any Cheque facility available?

Cheque facility is available for operation of the EEFC account.

 What are the permissible credits into this account?

 i) Inward remittance through normal banking channels, other than remittances received on account of foreign currency loan or investment received from abroad or received for meeting specific obligations by the account holder;

ii) Payments received in foreign exchange by a 100 per cent Export Oriented Unit or a unit in (a) Export Processing Zone or (b) Software Technology Park or (c) Electronic Hardware Technology Park for supply of goods to similar such units or to a unit in Domestic Tariff Area;

iii) Payments received in foreign exchange by a unit in the Domestic Tariff Area for supply of goods to a unit in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ);

iv) Payment received by an exporter from an account maintained with an authorised dealer for the purpose of counter trade. (Counter trade is an arrangement involving adjustment of value of goods imported into India against value of goods exported from India in terms of the Reserve Bank guidelines);

v) Advance remittance received by an exporter towards export of goods or services;

vi) Payment received for export of goods and services from India, out of funds representing repayment of State Credit in U.S. Dollar held in the account of Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs, Moscow, with an authorised dealer in India;

vii) Professional earnings including directors’ fee, consultancy fee, lecture fee, honorarium and similar other earnings received by a professional by rendering services in his individual capacity;

viii) Re-credit of unutilised foreign currency earlier withdrawn from the account;

ix) Amount representing repayment by the account holder’s importer customer in respect of trade related loan/advances granted by the exporter (subject to compliance with the extant guidelines) holding EEFC account; and

x) The disinvestment proceeds received by the resident account holder on conversion of shares held by him to ADRs/GDRs under the Sponsored ADR/GDR Scheme approved by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board of the Government of India.

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What is a Bad Bank? Know its significance, role and benefits

What is a Bad Bank? 

Banks drive the nation’s economy, however many times the borrowers find it difficult to service their loans. It requires the lenders to set aside the capital to cover the losses. This is when the bad bank comes into the picture to help them free up to start lending. A bad bank is an Asset Reconstruction Company in other words.

👉🏻Key Points: Bad Bank

➖The bad bank does not involve itself in lending and taking deposits, but it helps to make commercial banks clear their balance sheets and resolve bad loans.

➖The process of taking over bad loans is generally below the book value of the loan

➖Bad bank tries to recover as much as possible from those bad loans

➖Mellon Bank based in the USA was the first one in this field. It is referred to as the first bad bank in 1988. 

➖A bad bank aids a bank to segregate its good assets from the bad ones which make it easier to raise capital through equity or debt.

👉🏻What is the Significance?

The toxic assets separation helps in generating some confidence among potential investors so that they can then clearly examine the financial health of the lender. Sour loans when transferred to a bad bank can help lenders prioritize their financing business and the specialized institution deals with maximizing loan recovery.

👉🏻The requirement of bad bank :

➖The lockdown that was imposed due to pandemic to curb covid spread has crimped the earnings of the businesses and individuals. It impaired their ability to repay loans which caused a hike in non-performing assets of banks. The corporate sector has come under the debt of INR 15.52 lakh crore.

➖Despite the regulatory forbearance as a loan moratorium, borrowers are finding it difficult to service their loans. This then requires lenders to set aside their capital to cover such losses. A bad bank can provide them with the freedom to restart lending.

➖The RBI in its recent FSR informed that the gross NPAs in the banking sector was expected to shoot up to 13.5% of advances by September 2021, from 7.5% in the previous year.

👉🏻Challenges of Bad Bank:

➖The major issue would be of finding buyers in the pandemic hit economy. The government is itself facing fiscal deficits at present

➖Without governance reforms, the Public sector banks would continue doing business in the same way as in the past. It may also end up piling-up bad debts again.

➖Union Government has already infused almost 2.6 lakh crore in banks through recapitalisation so now bad banks would do no better as per many economists. 

➖Bad banks can also ease off the banks of their moral responsibility and let them lend without any commitment to clear their NPAs.

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First in Banks :

▪️First bank in India- Bank of Hindustan (1770)

▪️First Bank managed by Indians- Oudh Commercial Bank

▪️First Bank with Indian capital- Punjab National Bank (Founder of the Bank is Lala Lajpat Rai)

▪️First Foreign Bank in India – HSBC

▪️First bank to get ISO certificate – Canara Bank

▪️First Indian bank outside India –Bank of India

▪️First Bank to introduce ATM – HSBC (1987, Mumbai)

▪️First Bank to have joint stock public bank (Oldest) – Allahabad Bank

▪️First Universal bank – ICICI (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India)

▪️First bank to introduce saving account – Presidency Bank (1833)

▪️First Bank to introduce Cheque system – Bengal Bank (1833)

▪️First bank to give internet banking facility – ICICI

▪️First bank to sell mutual funds – State Bank of India

▪️First bank to issue credit cards - Central Bank of India

▪️First Rural Regional Bank (Grameen Bank) – Prathama Bank (sponsored by Syndicate Bank)

▪️First bank to get ‘in principle’ banking license – IDFC and Bandhan Bank

▪️First Bank to introduce merchant banking in India – Grind lays bank

▪️First bank to introduce block chain technology – ICICI

▪️First bank to introduce voice biometric – Citi Bank

▪️First bank to introduce robot in banking service- HDFC

✔️ Miscellaneous points:

▪️Largest public sector bank in India – State Bank of India

▪️Largest private sector bank in India – ICICI

▪️Largest foreign bank in India – Standard Chartered Bank

▪️Bank with more branches in India – State Bank of India

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ESIC SIDBI JAIIB CAIIB:

✅Bancassurance✅

In India banking and insurance sectors are regulated by two different entities. The banking sector is governed by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the insurance sector is regulated by Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA).

RBI recognized the need of an effective method to make insurance policies reach people of all economic classes in every corner of the nation. Insurance companies proposed to bring insurance products into the lives of the common man by making them available at the most basic financial point, the local bank branch, through Bancassurance.

Bancassurance, i.e., banc + assurance, refers to banks selling the insurance products. Bancassurance term first appeared in France in 1980, to define the sale of insurance products through banks’ distribution channels (SCOR 2003).

According to IRDA, ‘bancassurance’ refers to banks acting as corporate agents for insurers to distribute insurance products.

Advantage :-

➖Through this new distribution network, the insurance company significantly extends its customer base and enjoys access to customers who were previously difficult to reach. An insurance company can establish itself more quickly in a new market, using a local bank’s existing network.

➖The bank sees bancassurance as a way of creating a new revenue flow and diversifying its business activities. The bank becomes a sort of “supermarket”, a “one-stop shop” for financial services, where all customers’ needs – whether financial or insurance- related – can be met.

RBI Guidelines for the Banks to enter into Insurance Business

Following the issuance of Government of India Notification dated August 3, 2000, specifying ‘Insurance’ as a permissible form of business that could be undertaken by banks under Section 6(1)(o) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, RBI issued the guidelines on Insurance business for banks.

1. Any scheduled commercial bank would be permitted to undertake insurance business as agent of insurance companies on fee basis, without any risk participation. The subsidiaries of banks will also be allowed to undertake distribution of insurance product on agency basis.

2. Banks which satisfy the eligibility criteria given below will be permitted to set up a joint venture company for undertaking insurance business with risk participation, subject to safeguards. The maximum equity contribution such a bank can hold in the joint venture company will normally be 50 per cent of the paid-up capital of the insurance company. On a selective basis the Reserve Bank of India may permit a higher equity contribution by a promoter bank initially, pending divestment of equity within the prescribed period (see Note 1 below).

The eligibility criteria for joint venture participant are as under:

i. The net worth of the bank should not be less than Rs.500 crore;

ii. The CRAR of the bank should not be less than 10 per cent;

iii. The level of non-performing assets should be reasonable;

iv. The bank should have net profit for the last three consecutive years;

v. The track record of the performance of the subsidiaries, if any, of the concerned bank should be satisfactory.

3. In cases where a foreign partner contributes 26 per cent of the equity with the approval of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority/Foreign Investment Promotion Board, more than one public sector bank or private sector bank may be allowed to participate in the equity of the insurance joint venture. As such participants will also assume insurance risk, only those banks which satisfy the criteria given in paragraph 2 above, would be eligible.

4. A subsidiary of a bank or of another bank will not normally be allowed to join the insurance company on risk participation basis. Subsidiaries would include bank subsidiaries undertaking merchant banking, securities, mutual fund, leasing finance, housing finance business, etc.

✅Bancassurance✅

5. Banks which are not eligible for ‘joint venture’ participant as above, can make investments up to 10% of the net worth of the bank or Rs.50 crore, whichever is lower, in the insurance company for providing infrastructure and services support. Such participation shall be treated as an investment and should be without any contingent liability for the bank.

The eligibility criteria for these banks will be as under :

i. The CRAR of the bank should not be less than 10%;

ii. The level of NPAs should be reasonable;

iii. The bank should have net profit for the last three consecutive years.

6. All banks entering into insurance business will be required to obtain prior approval of the Reserve Bank. The Reserve Bank will give permission to banks on case to case basis keeping in view all relevant factors including the position in regard to the level of non-performing assets of the applicant bank so as to ensure that non-performing assets do not pose any future threat to the bank in its present or the proposed line of activity, viz., insurance business. It should be ensured that risks involved in insurance business do not get transferred to the bank and that the banking business does not get contaminated by any risks which may arise from insurance business. There should be ‘arms length’ relationship between the bank and the insurance outfit.

For banks it just acts as a means of product diversification and additional fee income; for insurance company it acts as a tool for increasing their market penetration and premium turnover and for customer it acts as a bonanza in terms of reduced price, high quality products and delivery to doorsteps. So every body is a winner here.

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Himalayan Trillium:

● Common Herb of the Himalayas, locally called as Nagchatri. 

● IUCN status : endangered

● Found in temperate and sub-alpine zones of the Himalayas at an altitude from 2,400-4,000 metres above sea level. 

● Application : traditional medicine to cure diseases like dysentery, wounds, skin boils, inflammation, sepsis, as well as menstrual and sexual disorders.

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Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) -

The Punjab government recently announced incentives for farmers opting for Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR).

● Traditional Way - the paddy seeds are first sown in the nurseries and raised into young plants.

● Direct Seeding of Rice (DRS): No nursery preparation or transplantation. The seeds are instead directly drilled into the field.

● DSR technique ➔ less time consuming and labour intensive than the conventional practice.

● Helps in saving irrigation water, lesser weed problem,reduced incidence of nutrient deficiency, lesser leaching of nutrients and deeper root development.

ExtraShots - 

Rice - 

● Staple food for most of the population in India.

● Kharif crop - requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.

● About one-fourth of the total cropped area in India is under rice cultivation.

● India is the second-largest producer of rice after China.

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Large Hadron Collider

The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) has reignited the Large Hadron Collider for the third time in July2022

● A giant, complex machine ➔ studies particles that are the smallest known building blocks of all things.

● It fires two beams of protons ➔ at the speed of light in opposite directions inside a ring of superconducting electromagnets.

● The magnetic field by electromagnets keeps the protons in a tight beam.

● This Magnetic field guides them along the way as they travel through beam pipes and finally collide.

● Achievements - ‘God Particle’ discovery during the LHC's first run.

ExtraShots-

India and CERN - 

● India became an associate member of CERN in 2016.

● Indian scientists ➔  played a significant role in the A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) and Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiments that led to the discovery of the God Particle.

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Syngas :

● Syngas can be produced from underground coal reserves through the process of coal gasification. 

● Syngas can also be produced from sewage, saw-dust, scrap wood, newspapers and other biomass wastes.

● Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

● It can be used as a feedstock for the production of methanol, fertilizers, ammonia, urea etc. 

● syngas applications: production of electricity and making chemical products such as fertilizers.

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UN World Water Development Report 2022

» UNESCO DG on behalf of UN-Water has released the 2022 edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report at the opening ceremony of the 9th World Water Forum in Dakar, Senegal, on 21 March 2022.

» Theme- ‘Groundwater: Making the invisible visible’

» Launched in conjunction with World Water Day

» Development of the WWDR is coordinated by the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP)

» Report is a joint effort of the UN agencies and entities which make up UN-Water.

» Report provides decision-makers with knowledge and tools to formulate and implement sustainable water policies

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Quantum Computing

● Harnesses the laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems too complex for classical computers.

● Subfield of physics that describes the behavior of particles — atoms, electrons, photons, and almost everything in the molecular and submolecular realm.

● While today’s classical computers store information as binary 0 and 1 states, quantum computers draw on the fundamental laws of nature to carry out calculations using quantum bits.

● A qubit can be in a combination of states, which allows for exponentially larger calculations and gives them the potential to solve complex problems.

ExtraShots-

IBM India’s Initiatives around Quantum Computing-

● Qiskit Challenge - open-source software development kit built by IBM.

● IBM Quantum Educators Programme - IBM is collaborating with leading educational institutions in India.

➔ Faculty and Students will be able to access IBM Quantum systems, quantum learning resources and quantum tools.

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POP-FAME

● A fuel from a bacterium.

● It has more energy than the rocket fuels .

● Has energy density values more than 50 megajoules per litre, against 32 MJ for petrol and 35 MJ for RP-1, which is a rocket fuel based on kerosene.

● POP FAME stands for Polycyclopropanated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester.

 

●POP-FAME have higher energy densities, as compared to Syntin Fuel. Thus, even a small quantity of fuel can have considerable energy.

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Grievance Redressal Index 2022

● Published by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG). 

● Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has topped amongst all Ministries/ Departments for resolving Public Grievances. 

● UIDAI has been a top performer in resolution of cases received through the Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS). 

● Dimensions of index:

1) Timely Disposal of Grievance Redressal

2) Quality Disposal of Grievance Redressal

🔴Extra_Shots

- About UIDAI 

● Statutory authority established in 2009. 

● Works under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. 

●UIDAI is mandated to assign a 12-digit unique identification (UID) number (Aadhaar) to all the residents of India.

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D-8 Nation:

● D-8, also known as Developing-8, is an arrangement for development cooperation among the following member countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Turkey 

● It’s headquarter in Istanbul, Turkey 

● The establishment of D-8 was announced officially through the Istanbul Declaration of Summit of Heads of State/Government in 1997 to increase cooperation among major Muslim developing countries.

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Shoonya campaign

● NITI Aayog has recently hosted the inaugural edition of Shoonya Forum in Delhi

● It wad launched by NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) with RMI India’s 

● Aims to promote the use of EVs for ride hailing and delivery services and minimise air pollution caused by these services.

● Campaign has 130 industry partners, including ride-hailing, delivery and EV companies.

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Living Planet Report 2022

● Released by: World Wildlife Fund for nature(WWF)

● It is published every two years since 1998.

● It is a comprehensive study of trends in global biodiversity and health of the planet. 

● It tracks changes in the relative abundance of wild species populations across the globe.

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State of the World’s Forests” (SOFO)

● It is the flagship publication of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

● Published every two years

● Report presents an analysis of the interaction between forests and people, with a focus on a specific pertinent topic. 

● It explains the importance of forests to the global economy and biodiversity.

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Emissions Gap Report 2022-The Closing Window” - BY UNEP

-measure the difference between countries’ pledges to cut emissions and the amount of cutting needed to keep the rise in global temperature below 2°C by the year 2100.

-Report warned that the world is falling short of achieving the goals set under the 2015 Paris Agreement 

-Implementation of current climate pledges will only reduce this to a 2.4 to 2.6°C temperature rise by the end of this century.

-Report recommended remedial actions in 6 areas – electricity supply, industry, transport and building sectors, and food and financial systems.

-It estimates that the global transformation to a low-carbon economy would require 4 to 6 trillion USD in investment each year.

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Forest Declaration Assessment 2022

The Forest Declaration Assessment (formerly the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) Progress Assessment) is an independent, civil society-led initiative to assess progress toward the global goals of

halting deforestation and restoring 350 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 as set out in international declarations such as the New York Declaration on Forests (2014) and the Glasgow Leaders’Declaration on Forests and Land Use (2021). 

-In 2021, deforestation rates have declined at the global level by 6.3 per cent compared to 2018-20 baseline.

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Paleogenomics

– a branch of science dealing with the reconstruction and analysis of genomic information obtained extinct species.

Paleontology 

-is the study of the history of life on Earth as reflected in the fossil record. Fossils are the remains or traces of organisms (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other single-celled living things) that lived in the geological past and are preserved in the crust of the Earth.

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Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022

-by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) have released

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).

- Title - “Unpacking deprivation bundles to reduce multidimensional poverty”.

-The incidence of poverty declined from 55.1 per cent to 16.4 per cent over the past 15 years.

-India still has the highest number of poor people in the world and Nigeria has the second-highest poor population.

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Interpol

- promotes global cooperation in policing and crime control. 

-Established in 1923, it is the oldest international police organization. 

-India joined in 1949. 

- 3 major areas of transnational crime – terrorism, cybercrime, and organized crime.

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Environment Performance Index

● Released biennially and started in 2002

● It is an international ranking system that measures environmental health and sustainability of countries.

● Released by WEF and Columbian Yale University

● India ranks 177ᵗʰ(2018) → I 68ᵗʰ(2020) →180ᵗʰ(2022)

Denmark tops the 2022 rankings

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PARAKH

PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)

- launched by All-India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)

- will conduct assessments of students and faculty members of higher educational institutes and schools.

- part of the National Education Policy (NEP) proposal.

- It will establish norms, standards and guidelines for assessment and evaluation for all recognized school boards of India.

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PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Successfully launched the “PSLV Orbital Experimental Module” (POEM).

●POEM → Perform in-orbit experiments through the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket.

●It is a four-stage rocket.

●POEM is carrying six payloads → Out of which Two are from Indian space start-ups Digantara and Dhruva Space.

●Comprises a dedicated Navigation Guidance and Control (NGC) system for attitude stabilisation.

ExtraShots-

PSLV 

→ Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the third generation launch vehicle of India.

→ First Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages.

→The vehicle successfully launched two spacecraft – Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013

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TiHAN: First Autonomous Navigation Facility-

● Ministry of Science & Technology has inaugurated “Technology Innovation Hub on Autonomous Navigation” or TiHAN in IIT Hyderabad.

● First “Autonomous Navigation” facility.

● Multidisciplinary initiative → making India a global player in the futuristic and next-generation “Smart Mobility” technology.

● Will provide a unique platform for high quality research between academia, industry and R&D labs both at the national and international level.

● One of the 25 technology innovation hubs under National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS).

ExtraShots-

National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) - 

→ Implemented by Department of Science &Technology under Ministry of Science and Technology

→ The Mission has 4 major objectives:

1. Technology Development;

2. HRD & Skill Development;

3. Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Start-ups Ecosystem Development;

4. International Collaborations.

 Cyber-Physical Systems

→ Integrate sensing, computation, control and networking into physical objects and infrastructure.

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Fast Radio Burst (FRB)

●Brief and intense flashes of radio frequency emissions, whose from frequencies range from 300 gigahertz (GHz) to as low as 9 kilohertz (kHz).

●Such flashes typically last for milliseconds.

●These bursts are generated by a magnetar, which is a neutron star having a very strong magnetic field emitting radio wave.

●Emit electromagnetic energy in the form of bursts of radio pulses.

●Origins of FRBs are unknown, and their appearance is unpredictable.

●FRBs are triggered by explosive events like a supernova or collision of two compact objects such as neutron star and black hole.

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India successfully test-fires VL-SRSAM

● VL-SRSAM is a quick reaction surface-to-air-missile.

● Indigenously designed and developed for Indian Navy, by DRDO.

● Developed to neutralise aerial threats at close ranges, including the sea-skimming targets.

● Has an operational range of 50 kms.

●Has been designed for striking at high-speed and airborne targets at 40 km to 50 km ranget and altitude of 15km.

●Other Surface to Air missilews of India: Akash, Akash NG, Trishul, Maitri.

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International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies

● Observed every year on September 7

● Day is facilitated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

● Theme of 2022 - ‘The Air We Share‘

● This day first time established at the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2019

● Co-ordinating partners of the day UNEP and Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC).

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Carbon Bombs ।।

● It is “an oil or gas project that will result in at least a billion tonnes of CO2 emissions over its lifetime.” as per Definition given by the Guardian

● Group of environmentalists, lawyers, and activists have come together to identify and ‘defuse this carbon bombs

● Around 195 such projects have been identified world over, including in the US, Russia, West Asia, Australia and India.

Leave It In the Ground Initiative (LINGO)

● Network working towards this goal of ‘defusing’ carbon bombs is called Leave It In the Ground Initiative (LINGO)

● Its mission is to “leave fossil fuels in the ground and learn to live without them.”

● LINGO aims to organise ground support for protesting against coal projects, challenge them through litigation, and conduct analysis and studies for the same

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पर्यावरणीय अति-महत्वपूर्ण वनलाइनर तथ्य ।।

✍️ - नॉक-नी सिंड्रोम फ्लोराइड्स के प्रदूषण के कारण होता है।

✍️ - हाइड्रोजन ईंधन सेल वाहन उत्सर्जक के रूप में वाटर पैदा करते हैं।

✍️ - अधिकतर रेगिस्तानी पौधे रात के समय पुष्पित होते हैं क्योंकि रेगिस्तानी कीड़े रात के समय सक्रिय होते हैं। 

✍️ - पौधे नाइट्रोजन को नाइट्रेट के रूप में ग्रहण करते हैं।

✍️ - कोरिंगा मैंग्रोव क्षेत्र गोदावरी नदी के डेल्टा पर अवस्थित है।

✍️ - स्थलीय पारिस्थितिक तंत्र का उपभाग हैं – पर्वत पारिस्थितिक तंत्र, निम्न स्थलीय पारिस्थितिक तंत्र, अर्ध-शुष्क पारिस्थितिक तंत्र। बेस्ट स्टडी चैनल-स्टडी फॉर सिविल सर्विसेज

✍️ - राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों की सबसे अधिक संख्या मध्य प्रदेश में हैं। वन्यजीव अभ्यारण्यों की सबसे अधिक संख्या अण्डमान एवं निकोबार द्वीप समूह में है।

✍️ - भारत सरकार ने ‘प्रोटेक्शन ऑफ प्लांट वेरायटीज एण्ड फार्मर्स राइट अधिनियम’ वर्ष 2001 में पारित किया।

✍️ - “वनस्पति जलवायु का सही मापदण्ड है” यह कथन कोपेन का है।

✍️ - खैर वृक्ष उपोष्ण कटिबन्धीय वनों में पाया जाता है।

✍️ - वायु प्रदूषण का प्रभाव प्रायः पत्तियों पर पाया जाता है।

Most Important Onliners Facts related to Environment

✍️ -Knock-knee syndrome is caused by contamination of fluorides.

✍️ - Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles produce water as a emitter.

✍️ -Most desert plants flower at night because desert insects are active during the night.

✍️ -Plants take up nitrogen in the form of nitrates.

✍️ -The Coringa mangrove area is located on the delta of the Godavari river.

✍️ - Terrestrial ecosystems have sub-divisions – mountain ecosystems, low terrestrial ecosystems, semi-arid ecosystems. best study channel-study for civil services

✍️ -Madhya Pradesh has the largest number of national parks. Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the largest number of wildlife sanctuaries.

✍️ -The Government of India passed the 'Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Right Act' in the year 2001.

✍️ -"Vegetation is the correct measure of climate" is the statement of Koppen.

✍️ -Khair tree is found in sub-tropical forests.

✍️ - The effect of air pollution is usually found on the leaves.

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आजादी के बाद की भारतीय कला यात्रा पर प्रदर्शनी 1 नवंबर से:

➡️आजादी के बाद की देश की कला यात्रा पर केंद्रित एक प्रदर्शनी यहां एक नवंबर से शुरु हो रही है जिसमें एम. एफ. हुसैन, एस. एच. रज़ा, राम कुमार और अन्य कलाकारों की कलाकृतियों प्रदर्शित की जाएंगी।

➡️पिछले 75 वर्षों में भारतीय कलाकारों पर आधारित प्रदर्शनी "कलर्स ऑफ फ़्रीडम" यहां इंडिया हैबिटेट सेंटर नई दिल्ली (आईएचसी) में 1 नवंबर से शुरु होगी जिसमें 53 दिग्गज और समकालीन कलाकारों को शामिल किया जाएगा।

➡️सेंटर ऑफ इंटरनेशनल मॉडर्न आर्ट (सीआईएमए), कोलकाता द्वारा आयोजित इस प्रदर्शनी का मकसद स्वतंत्रता के 75 वर्षों के दौरान कलाकृतियों की एक झलक दिखाना है।

➡️सीआईएमए की निदेशक राखी सरकार ने एक बयान में कहा कि 1947 के बाद की पीढ़ियों में 50 से अधिक प्रमुख कलाकारों की कृतियों को इस प्रदर्शनी में शामिल किया गया है।

➡️बयान के अनुसार 10 दिवसीय इस शो में सोमनाथ होरे, भूपेन खाखर, सनत कार, मंजीत बावा, अर्पिता सिंह, परमजीत सिंह, गणेश पाइन, जोगेन चौधरी, लालू प्रसाद शॉ और परेश मैती जैसे कलाकारों की कृतियों का भी प्रदर्शन किया जाएगा।

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Marginal Standing Facility

📚Definition: Marginal standing facility (MSF) is a window for banks to borrow from the Reserve Bank of India in an emergency situation when inter-bank liquidity dries up completely.

Description: Banks borrow from the central bank by pledging government securities at a rate higher than the repo rate under liquidity adjustment facility or LAF in short. The MSF rate is pegged 100 basis points or a percentage point above the repo rate. Under MSF, banks can borrow funds up to one percentage of their net demand and time liabilities (NDTL).

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF BOND 🔘

🔸PERPETUAL BONDS:- These types of bonds pay a coupon rate on the face value till the life of the company. Though Perpetuity means forever, bonds with maturity above 100 years are also considered to be perpetual bonds.

🔸CONVERTIBLE BONDS:- Convertible bonds are a special variety of bonds which have an inbuilt feature of being converted to equity shares at a specified time at a pre-set conversion price.

🔸FOREIGN CURRENCY CONVERTIBLE BONDS:- Foreign currency convertible bond is a special type of bond issued in the currency other than the home currency. In other words, companies issue foreign currency convertible bonds to raise money in foreign currency.

🔸EXCHANGEABLE BONDS:- These bonds are similar to the convertible bonds but differ in one aspect that they can be exchanged for equity shares but not of the issuer. These can be exchanged for equity shares of another company which the issuer may have stakeholding.

🔸CALLABLE BONDS:- Bonds that are issued with a specific feature where the issuer has the right to call back the bonds at a pre-agreed price and a pre-fixed date are called as callable bonds. Since these bonds allow a benefit to the issuer to repay off the liability before maturity, these bonds usually offer a coupon rate higher than a normal straight coupon-bearing bond.

🔸PUTTABLE BONDS:- Bonds that are issued with a specific feature where the bondholder has the right to return back the bonds at a pre-fixed date before maturity are called as puttable bonds. Since these bonds allow a benefit to the bondholders to ask for the principal repayment before maturity, these bonds usually offer a coupon rate lower than a normal straight coupon-bearing bond.

🔸TREASURY STRIPS:- In the US, Government dealer firms usually break down a coupon-bearing bond into a series of zero coupon bonds by considering each cash flow as a separate bond. For example, a 5-year semiannual coupon-bearing bond can be split into 10 zero coupon bonds with coupon amount as face value and 1 zero coupon bond with principal amount as the face value. The bond stripping usually is done to increase liquidity and facilitate easy tradability.

🔸YANKEE BONDS:- A dollar-denominated bond issued in the US by an issuer who is outside the US is called as Yankee bond.

🔸SAMURAI BONDS:- A yen-denominated bond issued in Japan by an issuer who is outside Japan is called as Samurai bond.

🔸Shogun Bonds: A non-Yen denominated bond issued in Japan by an issuer who is outside Japan is called as Shogun bond.

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The Monetary Policy Process

➖Section 45ZB of the amended RBI Act, 1934 also provides for an empowered six-member monetary policy committee (MPC) to be constituted by the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette. Accordingly, the Central Government in September 2016 constituted the MPC as under:

1. Governor of the Reserve Bank of India – Chairperson, ex officio;

2. Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, in charge of Monetary Policy – Member, ex officio;

3. One officer of the Reserve Bank of India to be nominated by the Central Board – Member, ex officio;

4. Shri Chetan Ghate, Professor, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) – Member;

5. Professor Pami Dua, Director, Delhi School of Economics – Member; and

6. Dr. Ravindra H. Dholakia, Professor, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad – Member.

(Members referred to at 4 to 6 above, will hold office for a period of four years or until further orders, whichever is earlier.)

➖The MPC determines the policy interest rate required to achieve the inflation target. The first meeting of the MPC was held on October 3 and 4, 2016 in the run up to the Fourth Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement, 2016-17.

➖The Reserve Bank’s Monetary Policy Department (MPD) assists the MPC in formulating the monetary policy. Views of key stakeholders in the economy, and analytical work of the Reserve Bank contribute to the process for arriving at the decision on the policy repo rate.

➖The Financial Markets Operations Department (FMOD) operationalises the monetary policy, mainly through day-to-day liquidity management operations. The Financial Markets Committee (FMC) meets daily to review the liquidity conditions so as to ensure that the operating target of monetary policy (weighted average lending rate) is kept close to the policy repo rate.

➖Before the constitution of the MPC, a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) on monetary policy with experts from monetary economics, central banking, financial markets and public finance advised the Reserve Bank on the stance of monetary policy. However, its role was only advisory in nature. With the formation of MPC, the TAC on Monetary Policy ceased to exist.

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Banking Awareness Study Notes 🔰

➡️FCNR (Foreign Currency Non-Resident) Account

An account that can be opened with an Indian bank by a Non Resident Indian or a Person of Indian Origin in foreign currency is FCNR (B) account. The letter B in FCNR (B) stands for the word ‘Bank’. It is an account that allows the NRI to keep his deposits in foreign currency. Hassles of conversion can be reduced through such types of accounts.

💎Salient features of an FCNR account

➖FCNR is a foreign currency-denominated account.

➖FCNR is not a savings account. It is a term deposit with a minimum tenure of 1 year and a maximum of 5 years. 

➖Interest income on FCNR accounts in nontaxable in India.

➖Both principal and interest are freely repatriable in your resident country.

➖It is possible to avail both rupee and foreign currency loans against your FCNR deposits.

💎Currencies are permitted under the FCNR scheme

According to the latest RBI circular in October 2011, FCNR permitted currencies are the ones that are freely convertible. These include the US Dollar, Pound Sterling, Euro, Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Swiss Franc, Singapore Dollar, Danish Krone, and Hong Kong Dollar among others. 

💎 FCNR loan

An FCNR loan is a loan in foreign currency that is availed by NRIs or Indian corporates against an FCNR deposit at select Indian banks according to RBI guidelines.

💎 Benefits of holding an FCNR account

The benefits of holding an FCNR account are numerous. 

➖First and foremost, FCNR allows you to invest your earnings in the currency of your residence country. This helps you to protect yourself from the volatility of exchange rates.

➖Second, you don’t need to pay any income tax on your FCNR earnings in India. And the interest and principal are both freely repatriable.

➖Third, you can avail of a loan in any currency you want against your FCNR deposit.

💎Maximum and minimum tenure of FCNR deposits

The minimum tenure of an FCNR deposit is 1 year and the maximum is 5 years. If you withdraw within a year, no interest is paid. If it is withdrawn within the tenure, a penalty may or may not be levied depending on the bank.

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Consumer Price Index

A comprehensive measure used for estimation of price changes in a basket of goods and services representative of consumption expenditure in an economy is called consumer price index.

The calculation involved in the estimation of CPI is quite rigorous. Various categories and sub-categories have been made for classifying consumption items and on the basis of consumer categories like urban or rural. Based on these indices and sub indices obtained, the final overall index of price is calculated mostly by national statistical agencies. It is one of the most important statistics for an economy and is generally based on the weighted average of the prices of commodities. It gives an idea of the cost of living.

Inflation is measured using CPI. The percentage change in this index over a period of time gives the amount of inflation over that specific period, i.e. the increase in prices of a representative basket of goods consumed.

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SVAMITVA Scheme - An Integrated Property Validation Solution for Rural India

✅ Hon'ble PM  Narendra Modi launched the SVAMITVA Scheme (Survey of Villages Abadi and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) on National Panchayat Day 24th April 2020 with the aim of survey of inhabited areas of villages using technology to provide an integrated solution for property validation in rural India.

The scheme's intent is to provide the 'record of rights' to village household owners so that they can use their houses as financial assets to take loans and other financial benefits from Banks.

🔷Objective of SVAMITVA Scheme
➖ To maintain accurate land records for rural development planning.
➖ To reduce property disputes, legal cases, and false land acquisition of rural India.
➖ To bring financial stability to the people of rural India by enabling them to use their property as a financial asset for taking loans and other financial benefits.
➖ Creation of survey infrastructure and GIS maps that can be leveraged by any department for their use.
➖ To prepare better-quality Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) by using GIS maps.
➖ The program is currently being implemented in six states - Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The aim of the government is to cover all 6.62 lakh villages in the country by the end of financial year 2023-24.

🔷Details of SVAMITVA Scheme
➖ The scheme is funded by the Central Government of India and Rs 79.65 crores have been allotted for the pilot phase of the project in about 1 lakh villages across 8 states.
➖ Under this scheme SVAMITVA Property cards will be issued to the landowners by the Government authorities, these property cards have all the records of the land owned by the landowners.
➖ The residential area of the village is demarcated and each rural property is marked with limestone (chunna). ➖ Then, drones are used for large scale mapping of rural abadi areas. Based on these images, a GIS database is created, and village maps — Gram Manchitra — are drawn.
➖ Drone Surveying technology and Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) will be used for demarcation of rural residential areas.
➖ The mapping of areas using drones will done gradually in different phases for a period of 4 years, starting from 2020, and ending in 2024.


🔷Benefits of SVAMITVA Scheme
➖ A clarity on property rights/ownership will be attained through this project.
➖ No illegal attempt of land acquisition of someone else’s property in the village will be practiced once documents are gathered and strict rules are implemented.
➖ Through regular inspections, and survey via drones will give the Government and the authorities a clearer idea of the land/property distribution.
➖ The SVAMITVA Property card can also be used as a temporary identity for the land-owners and land records.
➖ Official documents for the property will be provided to the land owners so that they can use it for further financial purposes.


🔷Scheme Implementation Process
➖ Drone Survey.
➖ Chunna Marking.
➖ Mapping
➖ Data processing.
➖ Final Map generation.
➖ Property card preparation.
➖ Property card distribution.

The Government is constantly working for the development of the rural Indian population and the  SVAMITVA Scheme is also an initiative for the same which will definitely bring some change in Rural India.


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Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme 2015

✅ The Government of India introduced the Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme in November 2015, to offer investors an alternative to physical gold. Over the years, the market has witnessed a considerable decline in the demand for physical gold. SGBs are government securities and are considered safe.

If you are looking to purchase an SGB, all you have to do is approach a SEBI authorized agent or broker. When you redeemed the bond, the corpus (as per the current market value) will be deposited into your registered bank account.

🔷Basic Objective

India has an estimated 20,000 tonnes of gold lying idle with Indian households and institutions. Sovereign Gold Bond schemes aimed at bringing the gold lying with citizens into the economy, and reducing India’s dependence on gold imports.

🔷Features of Gold Bond Scheme

➖ SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold, wherein the basic unit is 1 gram. The minimum initial investment is 1 gram of gold, and the upper limit is 4 Kg of gold per individual investor. For entities such as trusts and universities, 20 Kg of gold is permissible. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity.

➖ Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme has a tenure of 8 years which can be withdrawn prematurely after 5 years on interest payment dates.

➖ The Bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of Government of India. They are substitutes for holding physical gold.

➖ The Bonds bear interest at the rate of 2.50 per cent (fixed rate) per annum on the amount of initial investment. Interest will be credited semiannually to the bank account of the investor and the last interest will be payable on maturity along with the principal.

➖ These Gold bonds can be purchased through multiple payment modes such as cheques, cash, DDs or electronic transfer.

➖ The Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme was launched under the Gold Monetization Scheme 2015.

🔷Who should Invest in SGB Scheme

➖ As a low-risk investment, it is perfect for investors with a low-risk appetite. As investor will get a guaranteed return of 2.5% plus current value of gold at the time of maturity.

➖ Those who want to invest in gold and do not want to take any risk of storing physical gold can also go for SGBs. This is because it is easy to store this in Demat form, and nobody can steal it as they are in electronic form.

🔷Who can apply for Sovereign Gold Bond 

➖ Any individual/association/trusts/HUFs having an Indian residency is eligible to invest in the Sovereign Gold Bond scheme. They can also jointly invest in these gold bonds as the eligibility criteria of the scheme.

➖ The benefits of this scheme can also be availed by the minors provided this bond is purchased by the parents on their behalf.

🔷Where to buy Sovereign Gold Bond

Investors can apply for the bonds through scheduled commercial banks and designated post offices. NBFCs, National Saving Certificate (NSC) agents and others, can act as agents and they are also traded on the Stock Exchange.

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Gilt Accounts

✅ A “Gilt Account” means an account opened and maintained for holding Government securities, by an entity or a person including ‘a person resident outside India’ with a “Custodian” permitted by the Reserve Bank of India to open and maintain Constituent Subsidiary General Ledger Account with the Public Debt Office of the Reserve Bank of India. However, in case of a ‘Person resident outside India, the activities in the operations/maintenance of Gilt Account shall be governed by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 2000 and the regulations

framed thereunder.

 A “Constituent” or a ‘Gilt Account Holder (GAH) means an entity or a person including ‘a person resident outside India’ maintaining a “Gilt Account” with a “Custodian”.

The GAHs permitted by RBI include NBFCs, Provident Funds, Pension Funds, Mutual Funds, Insurance Companies, Cooperative Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Trusts, Corporates, and Individuals etc. who are non-NDS members. A GAH is entitled to open only one Gilt Account having a unique account number with any of the Custodians. A declaration to that effect must be submitted by GAH to the Custodian and a copy thereof may be submitted to the RBI (Public Debt office, Mumbai). A GAH may also maintain a demat account with the Depositories through Depository Participant (DP) for facilitating retail trading in Government Securities through Stock Exchanges.

The Gilt Account Holder (GAH) is permitted to maintain a fund account with its Custodians or designate a fund account with a bank other than the Custodian specifically for settlement of Government Securities transactions, by making available all the details of the designated fund account to the Custodian. The Gilt Accounts are opened/maintained by Custodian shall satisfy the eligibility conditions for holding Government securities as specified in the General Notifications F.No. 4(9)-W&M/ 2000 dated 6th May 2002 and announcements by the RBI relating to investments by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs).

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Loro Accounts♻️

♻️ When a bank remits its foreign currency fund to a foreign bank for credit to an account of a third bank it is called a Loro account. It means Their money.

Loro accounts are generally held by a 3rd party bank, other than the account maintaining bank or with whom account is maintained.

For example, BOI wants to transact with HSBC, but doesn’t have any account, while SBI maintains an account with HSBC in U.K. Then BOI could use SBI account. (again may be).

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Ranakpur Adinatha Jain Temple

Ranakpur Adinatha Jain Temple located in Pali (Rajasthan) 90 KM away from Udaipur. 

Constructed in 1437-1458.

👌Over 1444 marble pillars, carved in exquisite detail, support the temple. The pillars are all differently carved and no two pillars are the same. It is also said that it is impossible to count the pillars. Also all the

statues face one or the other statue. There is one beautiful carving made out of a single marble rock where there 108 heads of snakes and numerous tails. One cannot find the end of the tails. The image faces all four cardinal directions. In the axis of the main entrance, on the western side, is the largest image.

Some Amazingly Beautiful Photos of Marble Art from inside Ranakpur Jain Template, (Rajasthan)

This temple was built in 1437- 1457

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Treasury bills or T-bills:

⏺ Treasury bills or T-bills are money market instruments and short term debt instruments issued by the Government of India.

✔️They are presently issued in three tenors, namely, 91 days, 182 days and 364 days. 

✔️Treasury bills are zero coupon securities and pay no interest. 

✔️They are issued at a discount and redeemed at the face value at maturity. The return to the investors is the difference between the maturity value or the face value and the issue price.

✔️The Reserve Bank of India conducts auctions usually every Wednesday to issue T-bills.

 ✔️Settlement for the T-bills auctioned is made on T+1 day i.e. on the working day following the trade day.

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Borobudur - Buddhist Model of the Universe, Indonesia

At 42 km from the city of Yogyakarta, among the rice fields and jungles of Java, on the slopes of an earthen hill rises a giant Buddhist temple - Borobudur.

Its terraces, steps and niches, forming spiral rows, make up a majestic pyramid 34 meters high, topped with a bell-shaped stupa. The Borobudur temple represents the model of the universe in Buddhist terms. The eight tiers of the temple represent the eight steps to enlightenment.

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स्त्री - पुरूष संबंध ।।

जब तक पुरुष के लिंग में तनाव है ,तब तक वो प्रेम नही दे सकता ।

अगर किसी स्त्री के पास पुरुष जाता भी है और ये कहता है कि मैं तेरे करीब इस कारण हु की मैं प्यार करता हूँ ,तो ये धोखा है ।गलत है ।

सेक्स शरीर की जरूरत है ,तो ये गलत नहीं है ।पर सेक्स को प्यार कहने की भूल से बचें।

ईमानदार होकर रहे ।अगर सेक्स करना है तो सामने वाले को साफ शब्दों में कहे ।और साथी से पहले ,खुद को स्पष्ठ कर ले कि मैं प्यार में हूं या वासना में !

औरत फूल की तरह कोमल होती है ।और फूल को रगड़कर ,नोचकर ,उसके शरीर पर निशान बनाकर या बाहर भीतर घिसकर ,प्यार नही किया जाता । स्त्री का शरीर और उसकी योनि की नसें ,बेहद संवेदनशील होती है ।बहुत ज्यादा बारीक होती है ।

आज जो महिलाए ,अपनी डॉक्टर के पास जा रही है ,उसका एक कारण ये भी है कि उनके शारीरिक सम्बन्धो में हिंसा है ।वासना के वेग के चलते ,न तो पुरुष को होश रहता और न स्त्री इतनी हिम्मत कर पाती की पुरुष को( न) कह सके ।

और फिर बच्चादानी में हजारो बीमारी लग जाती है ।महावारी में भयानक दर्द ,ocd ,pcod और पता नही क्या क्या ,सहन करना पड़ता है ।

पुरुष एक्टिव है स्वभाव से और स्त्री पैसिव !

इसलिए यहां पुरुष को समझना चाहिए कि पल भर की वासना के लिए किसी स्त्री का शरीर खराब न करें ।वैसे भी अगर सेक्स को भी धर्य और तरीके से किया जाए ,और एक ठहराव हो भीतर तो उसके परिणाम दोनों व्यक्तियों के लिए सुखद होते है ।और सन्तुष्टि भी मिलती है ।

लेकिन जोश में आकर अपनी शक्ति का प्रदर्शन करने वाले पुरुष ,कभी भी सन्तुष्टि को उपलब्ध नही होते ।

जो व्यक्ति विवाहित है ,उन्होंने अनुभव किया होगा कि सालो तक सेक्स करने पर भी उनके भीतर सेव इच्छा ज्यों की त्यों है ।

इसका कारण यही है कि उन्हें गहराई ही नही जानी कभी इस चीज की ।

45 मिनेट से पहले तो स्त्री का शरीर खुलता ही नही की वो तुम्हे अपनी बाहों में भरे ,या तुम्हे अनुमति दे कि तुम उसके भीतर प्रवेश करो ।

इसलिए फोरप्ले का इतना महत्व है ।और ठीक उसी तरह आफ्टरप्ले भी अर्थ रखता है कि तुम्हारी वजह से मैं जीवन ऊर्जा का आनंद ले पाया।

केवल पेनिट्रेशन को सेक्स समझने वाले ,बलात्कारी है ।अपने ही साथी का बल पूर्वक हरण करना ,बलात्कार ही होता है ।

आज जो 70 फीसदी महिला ऑर्गेज़्म से अनजान है ,उसका कारण सेक्स की अज्ञानता है । इस बात को अहंकार पर चोट न समझें ,बल्कि अपने आपको बेहतर बनाने का प्रयास करें ।अपनी महिला मित्र के पैर छुए ,उससे अनुमति लें ,उसके प्रति श्रद्धा भाव रखे ,और इस बात का ध्यान रखे कि उसे दर्द न दे ।आनंद दे ।

भले तुम दस मिनट ,आधे घण्टे का सेक्स कर लो ,पर औरत अछूती ही रह जाती है तुम्हारे स्पर्श से ,और तुम भी अधूरे ही लौटकर आते है । बहुत धीरे धीरे शरीर तैयार होता है ,बहुत धीरे धीरे वो द्वार खुलते है ,जब तुम्हे अनुमति मिले।

और ये सब समझने के लिए भीतर स्थिरता चाहिए ।और बिना मैडिटेशन के ये सम्भव नही ।

बिना मैडिटेशन जीवन उथला ही रहता है ।अगर गहराई चाहिए जीवन मे ,तो ध्यान बहुत जरूरी है ।

होश ,ठहराव ,स्थिरता ,धीरज ,प्रेम ,श्रद्धा 

ये सारे शब्द केवल ध्यान करने से ही जीवन में उतरेंगे ।

किताबे पढ़ने या ज्ञान सुनने से कुछ नहीं होगा ।

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Banking Term of the Day: Nostro Accounts🔰

Nostro Account is the account which a bank of a country holds in the bank of another country in the foreign currency and it helps the bank which is having the account in bank of another country by the way of simplifying the exchange and trading process for the foreign currencies.

In simple words, it refers to the foreign bank account established through the domestic bank in the respective country of the currency desired.

🏮Advantages

➖You can pay the money to a third party in your home currency without taking any exchange rate risk.

➖Easy to operate since it is a mere transfer of funds from one account to another in the same bank.

➖Enables to keep funds in foreign currency.

➖Reduces the excessive fluctuation risk in exchange rates since money is directly emitted to the other party without physically been there.

🏮Disadvantages

➖A lesser rate of interest as compared to savings or current account.

➖Generally more expensive since it is a facility provided by the home bank to execute foreign exchange transactions smoothly.

➖Rigorous regulations and laws imposed for the operation of the Nostro account by the federal bank.

➖Open to cyberattacks which can have a huge impact on the cash reserves of the bank if the same are hacked.

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Commonwealth Games 2022 :-

◾️Some Important Facts About CWG 2022 :-

♦️Date : 28 July - 8 August 2022.

♦️Host City : Birmingham, England.

♦️Main venue : Alexander Stadium.

♦️Nations Participating : 72.

♦️Athletes Participating : 5,054.

♦️Events : 280 In 20 Sports.

♦️Motto : Sport is the beginning of all.

♦️Mascot : Perry.

◾️Top 5 Counties Of Commonwealth 2022 :-

                               G : S. : B. = Total

1] Australia : 67 : 57 : 54 = 178

2] England. : 57 : 66 : 53. = 176

3] Canada : 26 : 32 : 34 = 92

4] India. : 22 : 16 : 23. = 61

5] New Zealand : 20 : 12 : 17 = 49

◾️Medal Tally Of India 2022 :-

#Gold_22_Medal

♦️Mirabai Chanu : Weightlifting : 49kg : Manipur.

♦️Jeremy Lairinnunga : Weightlifting : 67kg : Mizoram.

♦️Achinta Sheuli : Weightlifting : 73kg : West Bengal.

♦️Sudhir : Heavyweight [Para Powerlifting] : Haryana.

♦️Deepak Punia : Wrestling : 68kg : Haryana.

♦️Ravi Dahiya : Wrestling : 57kg : Haryana.

♦️Bajrang Punia : Wrestling : 65kg : Haryana.

♦️Sakshi Malik : Freestyle Wrestling : 62kg : Haryana.

♦️Vinesh Phogat : Wrestling : 53kg : Haryana.

♦️Naveen Kumar : Wrestling : 74kg.

♦️Bhavina Patel : Table Tennis [Para] : Gujarat.

♦️Amit Panghal : Boxing : 51kg : Haryana.

♦️Nitu Ghanghas : Boxing : 48kg : Haryana.

♦️Eldhose Paul : Triple Jump : Kerala.

♦️Nikhat Zareen : Boxing : Andhra Pradesh.

♦️P. V. Sindhu : Badminton : Women’s Single : Telangana.

♦️Sharath Kamal [Tamil Nadu] & Sreeja Akula [Telangana]. Table Tennis : Mixed Double :

♦️Lakshya Sen : Badminton : Men's Single : Uttrakhand.

♦️Satwikraj Ranireddy [ Andhra Pradesh] & Chirag Shetty [Maharashtra] : Badminton : Men's Double.

♦️Achanta Sharath Kamal : Table Tennis : Men's Single : Tamil Nadu.

♦️Lovely Choubey, Rupa Rani, Nayanmoni Saikia & Pinki : Lawn Bowls.

♦️Sunil Chetri, Sharath Kamal, Sathiyan Gnanasekaran & Harmeet Desai : Table Tennis.

#Silver_16_Medals

♦️Sanket Sarkar : Weightlifting : 55kg : West Bengal.

♦️Bidyarani Devi : Weightlifting : 55kg : Manipur.

♦️Likmabam S Devi : Judo : 48kg : Manipur.

♦️Vikas Thakur : Weightlifting : 96kg : Punjab.

♦️Tulika Maan : Judo : 78kg : Delhi.

♦️Murali Sreeshankar : Long Jump : Kerala.

♦️Anshu Malik : Wrestling : 57kg : Haryana.

♦️Avinash Sable : Steeplechase : Maharashtra.

♦️Priyanka Goswami : Walk : Uttar Pradesh.

♦️A. Aboobacker : Triple Jump : Kerala.

♦️Sagar Ahlawat : Boxing : 92+kg : Haryana.

♦️Indian Women’s Cricket Team.

♦️Indian Men's Hockey Team.

♦️Sharath & Sathiyan : Double Table Tennis : Both Tamil Nadu.

♦️Indian Badminton Mix Team.

♦️Men's Four Lawn Bowl Team.

◾️#BRONZE_23_Medals

♦️Gururaja Poojary : Weightlifting : 61kg.

♦️Vijay K. Yadav : Judo : 60kg.

♦️Harjinder Kaur : Weightlifting : 71kg.

♦️Tejaswin Shankar : High Jump.

♦️Lovepreet Singh : Weightlifting : 109kg.

♦️Gurdeep Singh : Weightlifting : 109kg+.

♦️Sourav Ghosal : Squash.

♦️Divya Kakran : Wrestling : 68kg.

♦️Mohit Grewal : Wrestling : 125kg.

♦️Pooja Gehlot : Wrestling : 50kg.

♦️Pooja Sihag : Wrestling : 76kg.

♦️Deepak Nehra : Wrestling : 97kg.

♦️Jasmine Lamboria : Boxing : 60kg.

♦️Rohit Tokas : Boxing : 67kg.

♦️Mohammad Hussamddin : Boxing : 57kg.

♦️Sonalben Monubhai Patel : Table Tennis [Para].

♦️Annu Rani : Juvelin Throw.

♦️Sourav Ghosal & Dipika Pallikal : Squash : Mixed Double.

♦️Srikanth Kidambi : Badminton : Men's Single.

♦️Treesa Jolly & Gayatri Gopichand : Badminton : Women’s Double.

♦️Sathiyan Gnanasekaran : Table Tennis : Men's Single.

♦️India women's hockey Team.

◾️Some Important Point :-

🔥India's flag Bearer at the Opening Ceremony : P. V Sindhu & Manpreet Singh.

🔥India's Youngest Athlete : Anahat Singh : 14th Years Old : Squash : Delhi.

🔥MiraBai Chanu got 1st Gold Medal in Commonwealth Games 2022.

🔥Sanket Mahadev Sargar got 1st Medal in Commonwealth Games 2022.

🔥India's Flagbearer at the Closing ceremony : Sharath Kamal & Nikhat Zareen.

◾️Common Wealth Games :-

♦️Formation : 1932

♦️HQ : London, UK.

♦️President : Dome Louis Martin [UK].

♦️Members Counties : 72.

 

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