Impact or Effect of Inflation ।।

➨ Inflation affects the pattern of production, a shift in production pattern takes place from consumer goods to luxury goods.

➨ On Investment: Inflation discourages entrepreneurs in investing as the risk involved in the future production would be very high with less hope for returns.Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and savings.

➨ Inflation also results in black marketing. Sellers may stock up the goods to be sold in the future, anticipating further price rise.

➨ The effect of inflation is felt on distribution of income and wealth and on production.

➨ People with fixed income group are the worst sufferers of inflation.Those living off a fixed-income, such as retirees, see a decline in their purchasing power and, consequently, their standard of living.

➨ The entire economy must absorb repricing costs (“menu costs”) as price lists, labels, menus and more have to be updated.

➨ If the inflation rate is greater than that of other countries, domestic products become less competitive.

➨ They add inefficiencies in the market, and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term.

➨ On Exchange rate and trade: There can also be negative impacts to trade from an increased instability in currency exchange prices caused by unpredictable inflation.

➨ On Taxes: Higher income tax rates on taxpayers. Government incurrs high fiscal deficit due to decreased value of tax collections.

➨ On Export and balance of trade: Inflation rate in the economy is higher than rates in other countries; this will increase imports and reduce exports, leading to a deficit in the balance of trade.

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Investment Banking

Investment banking is a special segment of banking operation that helps individuals or organisations raise capital and provide financial consultancy services to them.

They act as intermediaries between security issuers and investors and help new firms to go public. They either buy all the available shares at a price estimated by their experts and resell them to public or sell shares on behalf of the issuer and take commission on each share.

Description: Investment banking is among the most complex financial mechanisms in the world. They serve many different purposes and business entities. They provide various types of financial services, such as proprietary trading or trading securities for their own accounts, mergers and acquisitions advisory which involves helping organisations in M&As,; leveraged finance that involves lending money to firms to purchase assets and settle acquisitions, restructuring that involves improving structures of companies to make a business more efficient and help it make maximum profit, and new issues or IPOs, where these banks help new firms go public.

Let’s understand how an investment bank earns money by providing acquisition advisories.

Think of company ABC buying another company XYZ. ABC is not sure how much company XYZ is really worth and what will be the long-term benefits in terms of revenues, costs, etc. In this scenario, the investment bank will go through the process of due diligence to determine the value of the company, settle the deal by helping ABC prepare necessary documents and advising it on the appropriate timing of the deal.

Here the investment bank works on the buy side and some other investment banks may be working on the sell side to help XYZ. The bigger the deal size, the more commission the bank will earn.

Bank of America, Barclays Capital, Citigroup Investment Banking, Deutsche Bank, and JP Morgan are some of the largest investment banks in India.

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Types Of Money Market Instruments

▶️Treasury Bills (T-Bills)

Issued by the Central Government, Treasury Bills are known to be one of the safest money market instruments available. However, treasury bills carry zero risk. I.e. are zero risk instruments. Therefore, the returns one gets on them are not attractive. Treasury bills come with different maturity periods like 3-month, 6-month and 1 year and are circulated by primary and secondary markets. Treasury bills are issued by the Central government at a lesser price than their face value. The interest earned by the buyer will be the difference of the maturity value of the instrument and the buying price of the bill, which is decided with the help of bidding done via auctions. Currently, there are 3 types of treasury bills issued by the Government of India via auctions, which are 91-day, 182-day and 364-day treasury bills.

▶️Certificate of Deposits (CDs)

A Certificate of Deposit or CD, functions as a deposit receipt for money which is deposited with a financial organization or bank. However, a Certificate of Deposit is different from a Fixed Deposit Receipt in two aspects. The first aspect of difference is that a CD is only issued for a larger sum of money. Secondly, a Certificate of Deposit is freely negotiable. First announced in 1989 by RBI, Certificate of Deposits have become a preferred investment choice for organizations in terms of short-term surplus investment as they carry low risk while providing interest rates which are higher than those provided by Treasury bills and term deposits. Certificate of Deposits are also relatively liquid, which is an added advantage, especially for issuing banks. Like treasury bills, CDs are also issued at a discounted price and their tenor ranges between a span of 7 days up to 1 year. However, banks issue Certificates of Deposits for durations ranging from 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. They can be issued to individuals (except minors), trusts, companies, corporations, associations, funds, non-resident Indians, etc.

 

▶️Commercial Papers (CPs)

Commercial Papers are can be compared to an unsecured short-term promissory note which is issued by highly rated companies with the purpose of raising capital to meet requirements directly from the market. CPs usually feature a fixed maturity period which can range anywhere from 1 day up to 270 days. Highly popular in countries like Japan, UK, USA, Australia and many others, Commercial Papers promise higher returns as compared to treasury bills and are automatically not as secure in comparison. Commercial papers are actively traded in secondary market.

▶️Repurchase Agreements (Repo)

Repurchase Agreements, also known as Reverse Repo or simply as Repo, loans of a short duration which are agreed upon by buyers and sellers for the purpose of selling and repurchasing. These transactions can only be carried out between RBI approved parties Repo / Reverse Repo transactions can be done only between the parties approved by RBI. Transactions are only permitted between securities approved by the RBI like treasury bills, central or state government securities, corporate bonds and PSU bonds.

▶️Banker’s Acceptance (BA)

Banker’s Acceptance or BA is basically a document promising future payment which is guaranteed by a commercial bank. Similar to a treasury bill, Banker’s Acceptance is often used in money market funds and specifies the details of the repayment like the amount to be repaid, date of repayment and the details of the individual to which the repayment is due. Banker’s Acceptance features maturity periods ranging between 30 days up to 180 days.

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Recusal of Judges

What is the recusal of judges?

● Recusal is the removal of oneself as a judge or policymaker in a particular matter. Recently, two Supreme Court (SC) judges have recused themselves from hearing cases relating to West Bengal.

Why does a judge recuse?

The judges usually recuse themselves when there is a Conflict of Interest:

● Conflict of Interest: It can occur in many ways, such as, holding shares in a company that is a litigant to having a prior or personal association with a party involved in the case. As the judges have a duty to act fair, they recuse from the case.

● Judge heard same case earlier: Another instance for recusal is when an appeal is filed in the Supreme Court against a judgement of a High Court that may have been delivered by the SC judge when he or she was in the HC.

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Monetary Policy Tools

To control inflation, the Reserve Bank of India needs to increase the cost of fund or reduce the supply of money with the help of tools which are divided mainly into two categories – Quantitative and Qualitative tools.

Quantitative tools : These tools impact the money supply in the economy, including sectors such as manufacturing, housing, etc.

Reverse Ratio : Banks keep aside a certain percentage of cash reserves or RBI approved assets. There are two types of reserve ratio:

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) : Banks set aside this portion in cash with the RBI. The bank cannot lend this amount to anyone or earn a profit or interest rate on CRR.

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) : This portion is set aside by the banks in the form of liquid assets such as gold or RBI approved securities such as government securities. Banks earn interest on these securities, but it’s very low.

Open Market Operations : The RBI buys and sells government securities in the open market, also referred to as Open Market Operations to control the supply of money.

When the RBI sells government securities, the liquidity is sucked from the market, and buying securities provides liquidity, which helps to control inflation. The main aim of the open market operation is to keep a check on temporary liquidity mismatches in the market, which happens due to the inflow of foreign capital.

Qualitative tools :These tools affect the money supply of a specific sector of the economy.

Margin requirements : The RBI mentions a certain margin against collateral. When the RBI raises the margin requirements, customers will be able to borrow less and vice-versa.

Selective credit control : Through this method, RBI avoids lending to speculative businesses or selective industries.

Moral suasion : With the help of this tool, the central bank persuades other banks to keep money in government securities and not in any other sectors.

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Forward Markets Commission (FMC)

‘Forward’ or ‘Futures’ are contracts for commodities that are traded at futures exchange similar to shares, but here, actual physical goods are traded. Futures/forwards contracts are traded on foreign currencies and interest rates also. The commodities that are traded in future contracts are corn, crude oil, silver, gold, etc. There are certain benefits of these futures trading :

➨ The Forwards Market Commission is a statutory entity which is involved in monitoring and regulating the operations, activities of the Commodities futures market in India.

➨ It is setup under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act of 1952.

➨ FMC has its headquarters in Mumbai and a regional office in Kolkata.

➨ It earlier functioned under the Ministry of Consumer affairs, this was prior to the NSEL crisis. Now it functions under the Department of Economic Affairs of Ministry of Finance.

🔹 Objectives of Forward Markets Commission (FMC):

The Forward Markets Commission (FMC), is the chief regulator of the Forwards and Futures market in the country. The Commission gives regulatory insights to ensure financial integrity, and market integrity. It works towards protecting and promoting the interest of consumers or non-participants.

The FMC assesses the market situation and takes into account the recommendations made by the Commodity exchanges for prescribing the rules and regulations of the Exchange. The Commission accords permission for conducting trade in distict contracts, while monitoring the market conditions continuously. It takes remedial measures wherever necessary to impose regulatory measures.

🔹 Functions of FMC:

Forward Market Commission functions as a sole institution governing the commodities market in India. It executes a variety of roles.

➨ It counsels the Central Government for matters regarding recognition or withdrawal of the previously accorded recognition from any of the registered association.

➨ It also provides advice on any other matters that arise as a result of the administration of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act 1952.

➨ FMC provides suggestions to uplift and improve the functioning of the Commission as well as the Futures markets.

➨ The Commission can cross-check and inspect the accounts as well as any other documents of the registered associations and their members.

➨ It keeps a vigil on the Future commodities market and also exercises its discretionary powers in the interest and growth of the markets and consumers.

➨ FMC is mandated to source, collect and publish the information about trading conditions for various commodities covered under the purview of the governing act. These details are generally about the demand, supply and prices.

🔹 Commodity exchanges:

There are 22 exchanges in the country. Out of these twenty two, there are 6 National level exchanges involved in the Forward Commodity trading in India. These important six national exchanges are:

➨ MCX (Multi-commodity Exchange of India Limited) located in Mumbai.

➨ NCDEX (National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Limited) situated in Mumbai.

➨ NMCE (National Multi-commodity Exchange of India Limited) located in Ahmedabad.

➨ ICEX (Indian Commodity Exchange Limited) based in New Delhi.

➨ ACEINDIA (Ace Derivatives and Commodity Exchange Limited) located in Mumbai.

➨ UCX (Universal Commodity Exchange Limited) located in Navi Mumbai

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NPA - Non Performing Assets

Definition: A non performing asset (NPA) is a loan or advance for which the principal or interest payment remained overdue for a period of 90 days.

Description: Banks are required to classify NPAs further into Substandard, Doubtful and Loss assets.

1. Substandard assets: Assets which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months.

2. Doubtful assets: An asset would be classified as doubtful if it has remained in the substandard category for a period of 12 months.

3. Loss assets: As per RBI, “Loss asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted, although there may be some salvage or recovery value.”

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EMI or equated monthly installment♦️

EMI or equated monthly installment, as the name suggests, is one part of the equally divided monthly outgoes to clear off an outstanding loan within a stipulated time frame.

Description: The EMI is dependent on multiple factors, such as:

1) Principal borrowed

2) Rate of interest

3) Tenure of the loan

4) Monthly/annual resting period

For a fixed interest rate loan, the EMI remains fixed for the entire tenure of the loan, provided there is no default or part-payment in between. The EMI is used to pay off both the principal and interest components of an outstanding loan. The first EMI has the highest interest component and the lowest principal component. With every subsequent EMI, the interest component keeps on reducing while the principal component keeps rising. Thus, the last EMI has the highest principal component and the lower interest component.

In case the borrower makes a pre-payment through the tenure of a running loan, either the subsequent EMIs get reduced or the original tenure of the loan gets reduced or a mix of both. The reverse happens when the borrower skips an EMI through the tenure of the loan (EMI holiday or cheque dishonor/bounce or insufficient balance in case of auto deduction of EMI or a default); in that case either the subsequent EMIs rise or the tenure of the loan increases or a mix of both, apart from inviting a financial penalty, if any.

Similarly, in case the rate of interest reduces through the tenure of the loan (as in the case of floating rate loans) the subsequent EMIs get reduced or the tenure of the loan falls or a mix of both. The reverse happens when the rate of interest rises.

Suppose a person borrows Rs 1 lakh for one year at the fixed rate of 9.5 per cent per annum with a monthly rest. In this case, the EMI for the borrower for 12 months (1 year X 12 months = 12 months) works out to approximately Rs 8,768.

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CASA - Current Account and Savings Account

CASA deposit is the amount of money that gets deposited in the current and savings accounts of bank customers. It is the cheapest and major source of funds for banks. The savings accounts portion pays more interest compared to current accounts.

Banks offer mainly two types of accounts. These could be term deposits- like fixed or recurring deposits or non-term deposits - like current or savings accounts.

A term deposit is valid for a fixed period of time and in return the bank pays interest at a fixed rate with the condition that you do not touch the money in the interim. For example, you put in Rs 10,000 in a fixed deposit for a period of seven years and the bank pays you an interest at the rate of 12% per annum.

On the other hand, current and savings accounts are used for daily operations and are valid as long as the customer wants them to be. They have lower interest rates than term deposits depending on the bank’s terms and conditions. For example, in an urban area ICICI Bank pays 4.0 per cent interest on a savings account with cheque book on a minimum balance of Rs 10,000.

Since interest rates are lower than term deposits, CASA is a cheaper source of funds for banks. For this reason, financial experts also look at CASA ratio to understand a bank’s financial health, as the same reflects the bank’s capacity to raise money with lower borrowing costs.

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TYPES OF ATM ( Automated Teller Machine )

🖨 White Label ATMs (WLAs): ATMs set up, owned and operated by non-banks (i.e NBFCs) are WLAs. Non-bank ATM operators are authorised under the Payment & Settlement Systems Act, 2007 by RBI.

🖨 Green Label ATMs – ATMs for agricultural transactions.

🖨 Orange label ATMs – ATMs used for share transactions.

🖨 Pink Label ATMs – ATMs that are meant only for women (ease their banking).

🖨 Yellow Label ATMs – ATMs meant for E-commerce facility.

🖨 Brown Label ATMs – ATMs that are outsourced by a bank to a third party (based on the concept of sharing the cost).

🖨 Biometric ATMs – These are ATMs that use security features like fingerprint scanner and eye scanner of the customer to access the bank details.

🖨 Onsite ATMs – ATMs that are located inside the bank’s premises.

🖨 Offsite ATMs- ATMs that are located in various places except inside the bank’s premises.

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Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana 2015 - Fund the Unfunded

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is a flagship program of Government of India to “fund the unfunded” basically through this scheme financial institutions like Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Non-Banking financial Companies (NBFCs), Small Finance Banks, RBRs, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks etc. will provide loans at very low rate to the new Ideas or Startups and people having a business plan in a Non-Farming Sector with Income generating activities.

⚡️Objective of Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

★ To sanction loans up to rupees 10 Lakhs to those who have a business plan or new idea to generate income but don’t have enough capital to invest. Provided the plan should be of non-farming activity and which can promote manufacturing, processing, trading, or service sector.

★ To create new sources of employment and increase the overall GDP of India.

★ With the help of establishment of MUDRA bank, the network of microfinance institutions will be monitored and new registration will also be done.

★ Integration of Informal economy into Formal sector as incomes from the informal sector are non-taxed.

⚡️Types of Loans Provided

The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) has three type of loans scheme as per the funding requirements or idea of the Beneficiary or the Entrepreneur.

1. Shishu : covering loans upto 50,000/-

2. Kishor : covering loans above 50,000/- and upto 5 lakh

3. Tarun : covering loans above 5 lakh and upto 10 lakh

There is no subsidy for the loan given under PMMY. However, if the loan proposal is linked with some Government scheme, wherein the Government is providing capital subsidy, it will be eligible under PMMY also.

⚡️Sectors covered under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

★ Land Transport Sector : - Loans provided to the beneficiary to support the purchase of transport vehicles. These vehicles could be used for goods or personal transport such as auto rickshaw, small goods transport vehicle, 3 wheelers, e-rickshaw, passenger cars, taxis, etc.

★ Textile Sector :- Loans provided to support micro textile industries that produce garment and non-garment products like Handloom and power loom industry, Handwork industry which works on embroidery, chikan work, dyeing and printing, knitting, etc.

★ Service Sector :- This includes community services, social services, or personal services such as saloons, beauty parlors, gymnasium, boutiques, tailoring shops, dry cleaning, cycle and motorcycle repair shop, DTP and Photocopying Facilities, Medicine Shops, Courier Agents, etc.

★ Food Product Sector :- This include small scale food activities such as papad making, achaar making, jam / jelly making, agricultural produce preservation at rural level, sweet shops, small service food stalls and day to day catering / canteen services, cold chain vehicles, cold storages, ice making units, ice cream making units, biscuit, bread and bun making, etc.

⚡️How to apply for MUDRA loan

Entrepreneurs, who wish to avail assistance under Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), can approach the local branch of any of the financial institutions mentioned above, in their region or locality and submit the required documents and application form to avail the benefits.

⚡️PMMY Eligibility Criteria

1. To avail of the benefits of the PMMY Scheme, the person should be a citizen of India.

2. Must come up with a plan or business idea related to sectors like Manufacturing, Processing, Trade, Service Sector or any other fields whose credit demand is less than ₹10 lakhs.

The Borrower seeking MUDRA Loans under the PMMY Scheme can approach either a Micro Finance Institution, Bank or NBFC to avail it.

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Functions of Financial Market

👉🏻 Mobilization of saving and channelising them into the Most Productive Uses: A financial market facilitates the transfer of savings from savers to investors. Thus, it helps in Channelising surplus funds into the most productive uses.

👉🏻 Facilitating price discovery: Households represent the supply of funds and the business firms represent the demand. The interaction between the demand and supply helps in the price discovery of financial asset, which is being traded in a particular market.

👉🏻 Providing liquidity to financial assets: Financial market facilitates easy purchase and sale of financial assets. In doing so, they provide liquidity, which means that financial assets are easily converted into cash whenever required.

👉🏻 Reducing the cost of transactions: Financial markets provide a common platform where buyers and sellers meet. It helps in saving time, effort and money of the buyers and sellers at the time of trading in the market, by providing them valuable information.

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UN (United Nations) Ocean Conference 2022

• The second conference was cohosted by Kenya and Portugal at Lisbon. 

• It ended with the Lisbon Declaration, a political declaration entitled 'Our Ocean, Our Future; call for action'

• It is on lines of SDG 14 'life below water' 

● Key Points

Use of Technology 

• It stresses to scale up marine technologies and innovative actions to tackle ocean emergencies.

Moratorium on Deep Sea Mining:

• Deep sea mining for rare metals can affect deep sea habitat.

Carbon Sequestration:

• to boost the ocean's capacity to soak up CO2, through natural sinks such as mangroves or geoengineering schemes.

Blue deal : It includes global trade, investment and innovation to create a sustainable and resilient ocean economy.

Blue food : Harvest marine food with the responsibility of ocean’s sustainability.

Regulate the high seas area, Which comprises almost 70% of earth surface.

#target140

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Exchange Earner’s Foreign Currency (EEFC) Account

 Exchange Earners’ Foreign Currency Account (EEFC) is an account maintained in foreign currency with an Authorised Dealer Category – I bank i.e. a bank authorized to deal in foreign exchange. It is a facility provided to the foreign exchange earners, including exporters, to credit 100 per cent of their foreign exchange earnings to the account, so that the account holders do not have to convert foreign exchange into Rupees and vice versa, thereby minimizing the transaction costs.

 You can open an EEFC account in the following currencies:

➖United States Dollar (USD)

➖EURO

➖Great Britain Pound (GBP)

➖Japanese Yen (JPY)

➖Swiss Franc (CHF)

➖Singapore Dollar (SGD)

➖Canadian Dollar (CAD)

➖Australian Dollar (AUD)

➖United Arab Emirates Dirham (AED)

➖New Zealand Dollar (NZD)

➖Swedish kroner (SEK)

➖Saudi Riyal (SAR)

➖Hong Kong Dollar (HKD)

➖Thai Baht (THB)

➖Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD)

➖South African Rand (SAR)

➖Norwegian Kroner (NOK)

Who can open an EEFC account?

All categories of foreign exchange earners, such as individuals, companies, etc., who are resident in India, may open EEFC accounts.

Can interest be paid on these accounts?

An EEFC account can be held only in the form of a current account. No interest is payable on EEFC accounts.

How much of one’s foreign exchange earnings can be credited into an EEFC account?

100% foreign exchange earnings can be credited to the EEFC account subject to the condition that the sum total of the accruals in the account during a calendar month should be converted into Rupees on or before the last day of the succeeding calendar month after adjusting for utilization of the balances for approved purposes or forward commitments.

Is there any Cheque facility available?

Cheque facility is available for operation of the EEFC account.

 What are the permissible credits into this account?

 i) Inward remittance through normal banking channels, other than remittances received on account of foreign currency loan or investment received from abroad or received for meeting specific obligations by the account holder;

ii) Payments received in foreign exchange by a 100 per cent Export Oriented Unit or a unit in (a) Export Processing Zone or (b) Software Technology Park or (c) Electronic Hardware Technology Park for supply of goods to similar such units or to a unit in Domestic Tariff Area;

iii) Payments received in foreign exchange by a unit in the Domestic Tariff Area for supply of goods to a unit in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ);

iv) Payment received by an exporter from an account maintained with an authorised dealer for the purpose of counter trade. (Counter trade is an arrangement involving adjustment of value of goods imported into India against value of goods exported from India in terms of the Reserve Bank guidelines);

v) Advance remittance received by an exporter towards export of goods or services;

vi) Payment received for export of goods and services from India, out of funds representing repayment of State Credit in U.S. Dollar held in the account of Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs, Moscow, with an authorised dealer in India;

vii) Professional earnings including directors’ fee, consultancy fee, lecture fee, honorarium and similar other earnings received by a professional by rendering services in his individual capacity;

viii) Re-credit of unutilised foreign currency earlier withdrawn from the account;

ix) Amount representing repayment by the account holder’s importer customer in respect of trade related loan/advances granted by the exporter (subject to compliance with the extant guidelines) holding EEFC account; and

x) The disinvestment proceeds received by the resident account holder on conversion of shares held by him to ADRs/GDRs under the Sponsored ADR/GDR Scheme approved by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board of the Government of India.

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Difference Between MCLR And Base Rate

MCLR

▪️MCLR or marginal cost of funds based lending rate has been introduced so that end borrowers can enjoy the benefits associated with repo rate cuts by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). This has been implemented to make banking system even more transparent.

▪️MCLR depends on factors like CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio), marginal cost of funds, tenor premium, and operating cost.

▪️It is dependent on the repo rate changes made by the RBI.

▪️Marginal cost of funds based lending rate can be different for different loan tenures.

Base Rate

▪️The minimum rate of interest at which banks offer loan to their customers is called the base rate.

▪️Base rate depends on different factors like profit, bank deposit rates, bank costs, etc.

▪️It is not dependent on the repo rate set by the Reserve Bank of India.

▪️Banks can choose to change the base rate quarterly.

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WPI

🌳The wholesale price index is an index that measures and tracks the changes in the price of goods in the stages before the retail level.

🌳WPI is used as a measure of inflation in some economies.

🌳WPI includes three components viz,

Manufactured products - 64.2%

Primary articles - 22.6%

Fuel and power - 13.1%

Instead of the earlier 2004-05, base year for the WPI will be 2011-12.

The  number of items covered in the new series of the WPI has increased from 676 to 697.

What are the issues with WPI

🌳Following the Urjit Patel Committee recommendations, the RBI Act has been amended and flexible inflation targeting (FIT) has been put in place with CPI inflation as the nominal anchor.

🌳Under the FIT, as the RBI has been mandated to achieve price stability measured in terms of CPI inflation, the use of WPI inflation has been completely done away with.

🌳All projections relating to inflation are currently done in terms of CPI.

🌳As of now, WPI is predominantly used for converting GDP/GVA at current prices to the same at constant prices.

🌳In fact, the GDP deflator (often argued as the true indicator of inflation), which is defined as a ratio of GDP at current prices to GDP at constant prices multiplied by 100, closely tracks WPI inflation.

🌳The sharp decline in the GDP deflator and the dramatic decline in WPI inflation coincided. This contributed significantly to real GDP growth in India.

🌳Also, separate services sector input/output price indices are required to deflate services sector GDP for which WPI is anyway not appropriate.

🌳One of the striking features of the new WPI series is that the item level averaging is being done by using geometric mean. This is as per international best practice.

🌳The geometric mean itself has significantly moderated WPI inflation, besides other factors such as change in the composition of basket.

🌳Moderation of WPI as per revised base has pushed up real GDP considerably during recent years.

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Leaders in Climate Change Management

चर्चा में क्यों

हाल ही में, विश्व पर्यावरण दिवस के अवसर पर आवास एवं शहरी कार्य मंत्रालय द्वारा भारत में जलवायु कार्रवाई में अग्रणी भूमिका निभाने के लिये शहरी पेशेवरों के बीच क्षमता निर्माण करने के उद्देश्य से लीडर्स इन क्लाइमेट चेंज मैनेजमेंट प्रोग्राम (LCCM) का शुभारंभ किया है।

प्रमुख बिंदु 

राष्ट्रीय शहरी कार्य संस्थान एवं विश्व संसाधन संस्थान भारत ने संयुक्त रूप से अभ्यास आधारित इस लर्निंग प्रोग्राम को शुरू किया है। 

इस कार्यक्रम के तहत मध्य से कनिष्ठ स्तर के सरकारी अधिकारियों तथा अग्रिम पंक्ति के कार्यकर्ताओं सहित 5,000 पेशेवरों को सक्षम बनाने तथा उन्हें जलवायु परिवर्तन अनुकूलन एवं शमन समाधानों के लिये तैयार करने की कल्पना की गई है। 

इस प्रोग्राम के चार चरण हैं, पहला चरण एक ऑनलाइन लर्निंग मॉड्यूल है जिसे आठ सप्ताह में पूरा किया जा सकता है।

दूसरा चरण चार से छह दिनों तक चलने वाला आमने-सामने यानी फेस-टू-फेस सत्र है, तीसरा सत्र सहभागियों को छह से आठ महीनों में एक परियोजना को पूरा करने तथा ज्ञानवर्धक दौरों के लिये अधिदेशित करता है तथा अंतिम चरण में नेटवर्किंग और अभ्यास का एक समुदाय स्थापित करना शामिल है।

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world Economic Forum

विश्व आर्थिक मंच (डब्ल्यूईडी) ने अपनी रिपोर्ट "फोस्टरिंग इफेक्टिव एनर्जी ट्रांजिशन 2022" में कहा है कि ऊर्जा संक्रमण की गति को सुपरचार्ज करने की जरूरत है, जैसा कि ईंधन की कीमतों में हालिया स्पाइक और ऊर्जा सुरक्षा के लिए चुनौतियों से प्रदर्शित होता है।

 जाँच - परिणाम

 * रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, देशों के लिए एक समग्र ऊर्जा संक्रमण में तेजी लाने के लिए उच्च ईंधन की कीमतों, वस्तुओं की कमी, और ऊर्जा न्याय और पहुंच पर धीमी प्रगति से प्रबलित है

 * रिपोर्ट में कहा गया है कि अधिक देशों को बाध्यकारी जलवायु प्रतिबद्धताओं को बनाने, घरेलू और क्षेत्रीय ऊर्जा प्रणालियों के लिए दीर्घकालिक दृष्टिकोण बनाने की आवश्यकता है

 * यह डीकार्बोनाइजेशन परियोजनाओं के लिए निजी क्षेत्र के निवेशकों को आकर्षित करने और उपभोक्ताओं और कार्यबल को समायोजित करने में मदद करने की आवश्यकता पर भी जोर देता है।

 * देश भविष्य की घटनाओं के जोखिम में हैं, जिससे एक समय में उनकी ऊर्जा आपूर्ति श्रृंखला में व्यवधान उत्पन्न हो रहा है

 * रिपोर्ट ने स्थिरता के साथ ऊर्जा सामर्थ्य, सुरक्षा और उपलब्धता को संतुलित करने के लिए संरचनात्मक बाधाओं को भी इंगित किया

 * इसमें ऊर्जा की मांग में महामारी के बाद के झटके, ईंधन आपूर्ति बाधाओं, मुद्रास्फीति के दबाव और यूक्रेन में युद्ध के परिणामस्वरूप ऊर्जा आपूर्ति श्रृंखला को पुन: कॉन्फ़िगर करने से ऊर्जा प्रणाली को झटके का उल्लेख है।

 * रिपोर्ट में कहा गया है कि उन्नत अर्थव्यवस्था वाले 34 देशों में से 11 अपने ईंधन आयात के 70 प्रतिशत से अधिक के लिए केवल तीन व्यापार भागीदारों पर निर्भर हैं।

 आगे बढ़ने का रास्ता

 इस चुनौतीपूर्ण स्थिति को नेविगेट करने के लिए, देशों को दो मोर्चों पर विविधीकरण का अनुसरण करना चाहिए - न केवल दीर्घावधि में घरेलू ऊर्जा मिश्रण में बल्कि छोटी अवधि में अपने ईंधन और ऊर्जा आपूर्तिकर्ताओं पर भी विचार करना।

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अनंगताल : -

• हाल ही में , केंद्रीय संस्कृति मंत्रालय ने दिल्ली विकास प्राधिकरण से दक्षिणी दिल्ली में अवस्थित अनंगताल के जीर्णोद्धार करने का निर्देश दिया है । विदित है कि 1200 वर्ष पुरानी यह ऐतिहासिक झील सीवेज नालियों एवं अन्य अतिक्रमण के कारण लुप्तप्राय हो चुकी है ।

 • इसे दिल्ली के संस्थापक तोमर शासक अनंग पाल द्वितीय ने 1052 में महरौली क्षेत्र के प्रसिद्ध 27 हिंदू - जैन मंदिरों के पीछे बनवाया था । यह झील जोग माया मंदिर के उत्तर में और कुतुब परिसर के उत्तर - पश्चिम में अवस्थित है । 

• अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने 1296-1316 के दौरान कुतुबमीनार के निर्माण एवं कुव्वत उल - इस्लाम मस्जिद के विस्तार में इस तालाब के जल का उपयोग किया था । 

• अनंग ताल का उत्खनन वर्ष 1993 में भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण के पुरातत्वविद् डॉ . बी . आर . मणि के नेतृत्व में किया गया था । 

• विदित है कि अनंगपाल ने दिल्ली को ढिल्लिकापुरी नाम दिया था , जिसकी जानकारी लॉर्ड कनिंघम द्वारा खोजे गए पत्थर के शिलालेखों से पता चलती है । ये शिलालेख पालम , नारायणा और सरबन ( रायसीना ) से मिले हैं ।

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Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)♦️

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is the ratio of a bank’s capital in relation to its risk-weighted assets and current liabilities. It is decided by central banks and bank regulators to prevent commercial banks from taking excess leverage and becoming insolvent in the process.

In other words, it measures how much capital does a bank has with it as a percentage of its total credit exposure. Bank regulators enforce this ratio to ensure credit discipline in order to protect depositors and promote stability and efficiency in the financial system.

What is the Capital Adequacy Ratio Formula?

The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) or the CRAR is computed by dividing the capital of the bank with aggregated risk-weighted assets for credit risk, operational risk, and market risk.

This is calculated by summing a bank’s tier 1 capital and tier 2 capitals and dividing the total by its total risk-weighted assets. That is:

Tier 1 CAR = (Eligible Tier 1 capital funds) = (Market Risk RWA + Credit Risk RWA + Operational Risk RWA)

Total CAR = (Eligible Total capital funds) ÷ (Credit Risk RWA + Market Risk RWA + Operational Risk RWA)

CAR Formula:

CAR = (Tier 1 capital + Tier 2 capital)/risk weighted assets

Here Tier I capital is a bank’s core capital consisting of shareholders’ equity and retained earnings;

Tier II capital includes revaluation reserves, hybrid capital instruments, and subordinated term debt.

Tier III capital consists of Tier II capital plus short-term subordinated loans.

Note that two types of capitals are measured here.

Tier 1 capital: This can absorb the losses without a bank being required to stop trading. Also called core capital, this consists of ordinary share capital, equity capital, audited revenue reserves, and intangible assets. This is permanently available capital and readily available to absorb losses incurred by a bank without it having to cease operations.

Tier 2 capital: This can absorb losses if the bank is winding-up and so gives depositors a lesser measure of protection. This consists of unaudited reserves, unaudited retained earnings, and general loss reserves. This capital cushions losses if the bank is winding up and is used to absorb losses after a bank loses all its tier 1 capital.

Risk-weighted assets: These assets are used to fix the least amount of capital that should be possessed by banks to lower the insolvency risk. The capital requirement for all types of bank assets depends on the risk assessment.

What is the current Capital Adequacy Ratio in India?

The Basel III Norms have prescribed a CAR of 8%. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) mandates the CAR for scheduled commercial banks to be 9%, and for public sector banks, the CAR to be maintained is 12%.

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CASH MANAGEMENT BILLS

✅ The cash management bill (CMB) is the most flexible instrument for a Central Bank because it can be issued when needed, allowing the Central Bank to have lower cash balances and issue fewer long-term notes. CMBs tend to pay higher yields than bills with fixed maturities, but their shorter maturities lead to lower overall interest expense.

The Government of India, in consultation with the RBI, had decided to issue a new short-term instrument, known as Cash Management Bills, to meet the temporary cash flow mismatches of the Government. CMBs in India are non-standard, discounted instruments issued for maturities less than 91 days. CMBs have the generic character of Treasury Bills.

✍️Features of cash management bill (CMB) 

1. CMBs are in nature similar to Treasury Bills.

2. The tenure of CMBs is less than 91 Days, but the amount and date of issue depend upon the requirements.

3. It is issued at a discount on Face Value.

4. The announcement is made One day prior to the auction

5. The settlement of the auction is on T+1 Basis.

6. It is Tradable

7. Investment in them is eligible in Government securities by banks for SLR purpose

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Objectives behind Bank Nationalisation in India

🔰 The nationalisation of commercial banks took place with an aim to achieve following major objectives.

🔹Social Welfare : It was the need of the hour to direct the funds for the needy and required sectors of the indian economy. Sector such as agriculture, small and village industries were in need of funds for their expansion and further economic development.

🔹Controlling Private Monopolies : Prior to nationalisation many banks were controlled by private business houses and corporate families. It was necessary to check these monopolies in order to ensure a smooth supply of credit to socially desirable sections.

🔹Expansion of Banking : In a large country like India the numbers of banks existing those days were certainly inadequate. It was necessary to spread banking across the country. It could be done through expanding banking network (by opening new bank branches) in the un-banked areas.

🔹Reducing Regional Imbalance : In a country like India where we have a urban-rural divide; it was necessary for banks to go in the rural areas where the banking facilities were not available. In order to reduce this regional imbalance nationalisation was justified.

🔹Priority Sector Lending : In India, the agriculture sector and its allied activities were the largest contributor to the national income. Thus these were labeled as the priority sectors. But unfortunately they were deprived of their due share in the credit. Nationalisation was urgently needed for catering funds to them.

🔹Developing Banking Habits : In India more than 70% population used to stay in rural areas. It was necessary to develop the banking habit among such a large population.

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Open and Transparent Monetary Policy Making ♻️

♻️ Under the amended RBI Act, the monetary policy making is as under:

➖The MPC is required to meet at least four times in a year.

➖The quorum for the meeting of the MPC is four members.

➖Each member of the MPC has one vote, and in the event of an equality of votes, the Governor has a second or casting vote.

➖The resolution adopted by the MPC is published after conclusion of every meeting of the MPC in accordance with the provisions of Chapter III F of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

➖On the 14th day, the minutes of the proceedings of the MPC are published which include:

a. the resolution adopted by the MPC;

b. the vote of each member on the resolution, ascribed to such member; and

c. the statement of each member on the resolution adopted.

➖Once in every six months, the Reserve Bank is required to publish a document called the Monetary Policy Report to explain:

a. the sources of inflation; and

b. the forecast of inflation for 6-18 months ahead.

Legal Framework

Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 as amended from time to time.

 

📚Objectives of Monetary Policy

The primary objective of central banks is to manage inflation. The second is to reduce unemployment, but only after they have controlled inflation.

The U.S. Federal Reserve, like many other central banks, has specific targets for these objectives. It seeks an unemployment rate below 6.5 percent. The Fed says the natural rate of unemployment is between is between 4.7 percent and 5.8 percent. It wants the core inflation rate to be between 2.0 percent and 2.5 percent. It seeks healthy economic growth. That’s a 2-3 percent annual increase in the nation’s gross domestic product.

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Dormant / Inactive Bank Account 📚

📚 If you SB or current account hasn’t witnessed any transactions(credit/debit except interest credited the bank, deduction of service charges, for more than 1 year, the account is rendered inactive. On exceeding 2 years, the account is declared dormant/inoperative.

Any customer induced transaction is enough for this purpose. Like credit or debit transactions done by the account holder in this account, keeps it active. Some of them have been listed below –

♦️ Outward bill

♦️ Inward bill

♦️ Transactions through cheque.

♦️ Deposit of cash

♦️ Deposit through cheque

♦️ Cash withdrawal or deposit via ATM.

♦️ Internet banking transaction

♦️ Crediting interest earned mandate on Fixed deposit to Savings Bank Account

🔷When does a bank assume an account as inoperative?

If there is no transaction in the account for one year, the bank tries to contact the account holder or the nominee. In case of no replies, the bank will send intimation to account holder 2 or 3 months prior to treating his inactive account. 

On continuation of this ‘inactive’ status for 2 years, the status becomes ‘inoperative’ or ‘dormant’. The process will be completed by sending a correspondence to the account holder, declaring the account as ‘inoperative’.

•No valid transaction for 1 year – inactive bank account.

•No valid transaction for 2 years – inoperative bank account.

♻️How to change the status of a “Dormant Bank Account” to an “Active Bank Account”?

An inoperative account can become an operative account within 24 hours. All you need to do is to submit an application along with identity proof and passbook or cheque book to your bank, stating the reasons for absence of valid transactions.

After completion of “Know Your Customer” formalities, banks usually put the customer’s account on Active mode within 24 hours. 

Remember, there is no reactivation charge on a dormant account.

An inoperative account will have restrictions for several transactions including ATM withdrawal, internet or phone banking, issuing new cheque books, etc. All these are intended for the safety of the money in the account. Otherwise, it may increase the risk of fraudulent transactions from your account. 

If you are having more than one account, it is always better to keep tabs on them or making some small transactions just to keep them active. In this age of netbanking, all it takes is a few mouse clicks and your account would remain operational.

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Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana 2015 - Fund the Unfunded

☑️ Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is a flagship program of Government of India to “fund the unfunded” basically through this scheme financial institutions like Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Non-Banking financial Companies (NBFCs), Small Finance Banks, RBRs, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks etc. will provide loans at very low rate to the new Ideas or Startups and people having a business plan in a Non-Farming Sector with Income generating activities.

⚡️Objective of Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

★ To sanction loans up to rupees 10 Lakhs to those who have a business plan or new idea to generate income but don’t have enough capital to invest. Provided the plan should be of non-farming activity and which can promote manufacturing, processing, trading, or service sector.

★ To create new sources of employment and increase the overall GDP of India.

★ With the help of establishment of MUDRA bank, the network of microfinance institutions will be monitored and new registration will also be done.

★ Integration of Informal economy into Formal sector as incomes from the informal sector are non-taxed.

⚡️Types of Loans Provided

The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) has three type of loans scheme as per the funding requirements or idea of the Beneficiary or the Entrepreneur.

1. Shishu : covering loans upto 50,000/-

2. Kishor : covering loans above 50,000/- and upto 5 lakh

3. Tarun : covering loans above 5 lakh and upto 10 lakh

There is no subsidy for the loan given under PMMY. However, if the loan proposal is linked with some Government scheme, wherein the Government is providing capital subsidy, it will be eligible under PMMY also.

⚡️Sectors covered under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

★ Land Transport Sector : - Loans provided to the beneficiary to support the purchase of transport vehicles. These vehicles could be used for goods or personal transport such as auto rickshaw, small goods transport vehicle, 3 wheelers, e-rickshaw, passenger cars, taxis, etc.

★ Textile Sector :- Loans provided to support micro textile industries that produce garment and non-garment products like Handloom and power loom industry, Handwork industry which works on embroidery, chikan work, dyeing and printing, knitting, etc.

★ Service Sector :- This includes community services, social services, or personal services such as saloons, beauty parlors, gymnasium, boutiques, tailoring shops, dry cleaning, cycle and motorcycle repair shop, DTP and Photocopying Facilities, Medicine Shops, Courier Agents, etc.

★ Food Product Sector :- This include small scale food activities such as papad making, achaar making, jam / jelly making, agricultural produce preservation at rural level, sweet shops, small service food stalls and day to day catering / canteen services, cold chain vehicles, cold storages, ice making units, ice cream making units, biscuit, bread and bun making, etc.

⚡️How to apply for MUDRA loan

Entrepreneurs, who wish to avail assistance under Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), can approach the local branch of any of the financial institutions mentioned above, in their region or locality and submit the required documents and application form to avail the benefits.

⚡️PMMY Eligibility Criteria

1. To avail of the benefits of the PMMY Scheme, the person should be a citizen of India.

2. Must come up with a plan or business idea related to sectors like Manufacturing, Processing, Trade, Service Sector or any other fields whose credit demand is less than ₹10 lakhs.

The Borrower seeking MUDRA Loans under the PMMY Scheme can approach either a Micro Finance Institution, Bank or NBFC to avail it.

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Government Securities (G-secs)

- News: RBI has proposed to allow retail investors to open gilt accounts with the central bank to invest in G-secs directly.

- G-sec is tradable instruement issued by the central or state gov.

- Retail Investor is a non-professional investor who buys and sells securities like mutual funds and Exchange Traded Funds.

✅Key features:

- Retail investors will get online access to the government securities market – both primary and secondary.

- The account will be called RBI retail direct.

- Retail investors in the bidding process will be enabled through the core banking solution of Reserve Bank of India- E-kuber.

✅Significance:

1. Broaden Investor Base

Pioneer in Asia:Reform India’s economy

2. Facilitate Government Borrowings

3. Financialise Domestic Savings

4. Square Kilometre Array Observatory.

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Difference between banks and NBFCs :

✅NBFCs business activities are akin to that of banks as they can lend & make investments

✅NBFCs cannot accept demand deposits

✅They cannot issue cheques as they do not form part of the payment & settlement system.

✅Deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is not available to depositors of NBFCs, unlike in case of banks

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"क्या होते हैं फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट्स और कैसे काम करते हैं?"

आज का सामान्य ज्ञान🎊

भारत की अदालतों में लाखों केस पेंडिंग हैं. ऐसे में कई गंभीर मामलों की सुनवाई शुरू होने में ही सालों का वक्त लग जाता था. फास्ट-ट्रैक कोर्ट का मकसद है कम से कम समय में पीड़ित पक्ष को कानूनी मदद उपलब्ध कराना. और जल्द से जल्द इंसाफ दिलवाना।

साल 2000 में 11वां फाइनेंस कमीशन बना. अलीगढ़ मुस्लिम यूनिवर्सिटी के पूर्व वीसी प्रोफेसर सैयद अली मोहम्मद खुसरो इसके चेयरमैन थे. कमीशन ने अदालतों में पेंडिंग मामलों को निपटाने के लिए 1734 फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट बनाने की राय दी. फाइनेंस मिनिस्ट्री ने इसके लिए 502.90 करोड़ रुपये जारी किए. ये पैसे सीधे राज्य सरकारों के पास भेजे गए. ताकि वो अपने यहां के हाईकोर्ट से सलाह-मशविरा करके फास्ट-ट्रैक कोर्ट बना सकें और लटके पड़े मामलों को जल्द से जल्द खत्म करें. ये फंड पांच साल के लिए जारी किया गया था. उम्मीद थी कि 5 साल में पेंडिंग मामलों का निपटारा कर लिया जाएगा। 

31 मार्च, 2005 को फास्ट-ट्रैक कोर्ट का आखिरी दिन था. उस वक्त 1562 फास्ट-ट्रैक अदालतें काम कर रही थीं. सरकार ने इनको जारी रखा. 5 साल का वक्त और दिया. 509 करोड़ की राशि भी दी. 2010 में इनका कार्यकाल एक साल के लिए बढ़ा दिया गया। 

2011-12 में केंद्र से मिलने वाला सहयोग बंद होने वाला था. 2012 में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने फैसला सुनाया कि राज्य सरकारें फास्ट-ट्रैक कोर्ट चलाने या बंद करने के लिए पूरी तरह से स्वतंत्र हैं. केंद्र सरकार ने 2015 तक फास्टट्रैक कोर्ट चलाने के लिए मदद देने का फैसला किया. केंद्र ने जजों की सैलरी के लिए सालाना 80 करोड़ देने का फैसला किया। 

📌"कैसे काम करते हैं फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट?"

👉🏻 फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट बनाने का फैसला उस राज्य की सरकार हाई कोर्ट से चर्चा के बाद करती है। 

👉🏻 हाई कोर्ट फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट के लिए टाइमलाइन तय कर सकता है कि सुनवाई कब तक पूरी होनी है. टाइमलाइन के आधार पर फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट तय करता है कि मामले को हर रोज़ सुना जाना है या कुछ दिनों के अंतराल पर। 

👉🏻 सभी पक्षों को सुनने के बाद फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट तय टाइमलाइन में अपना फैसला सुनाता है। 

📌"क्या हैं फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट के फायदे?"

👉🏻 फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट की डिलीवरी रेट काफी तेज़ है। 

👉🏻 इससे सेशन कोर्ट्स में आने वाले मामलों का बर्डन कम हुआ है। 

👉🏻कई मामलों में फास्ट-ट्रैक कोर्ट ने हफ्ते के अंदर भी दोषियों को सजा सुनाई है। 

फास्ट ट्रैक अदालतों में फैसला आ जाने के बाद भी मामले सालों तक ऊपरी अदालतों में अटके रहते हैं. 2012 का दिल्ली गैंगरेप-मर्डर केस इसका बड़ा उदाहरण रहा है।

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ट्विंकल ट्विंकल लिटिल स्टार कविता के कवि का नाम क्या है।।

Twinkle, twinkle, little star !!

दुनिया की सबसे लोकप्रिय पोयम में से एक है Twinkle Twinkle Little Star. दुनिया भर का शायद ही कोई बच्चा हो जिसे यह पोयम याद ना हो, लेकिन क्या आप बता सकते हैं कि इस कविता के कवि का नाम क्या है। 

यह एक मजेदार जानकारी है जो आपको अपने सर्कल में स्पेशल बनाती है। दुनिया में किसी भी कवि ने ट्विंकल ट्विंकल लिटिल स्टार कविता नहीं लिखी है। यह कविता अंग्रेजी की एक अन्य कविता 'द स्टार' के कुछ हिस्से को लेकर बनाई गई है। द स्टार कविता के कवि का नाम जेन टेलर है जो एक बेहद खूबसूरत लड़की थी। 

दोहे के रूप में लिखी गयी यह कविता पहली बार 1806 में एक संग्रह 'राइम्स फॉर द नर्सरी' में प्रकाशित हुई, जिसे टेलर और उनकी बहन ऐन ने मिलकर बनाया है। कितनी मजेदार बात है। मूल कविता 'THE STAR' के बारे में किसी को पता ही नहीं है जबकि उसके एक दोहे और कुछ लाइनों को निकाल कर बनाई गई नई कविता, ट्विंकल ट्विंकल लिटिल स्टार- वर्ल्ड फेमस हो गई है।

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मान लीजिए कि हमने जमीन के अंदर ,धरती के आर पार एक छेद कर दिया, तो अगर हम उस छेद में कोई वस्तु फेकेंगे तो क्या वो सीधे अंतरिक्ष में जाएगी?

आज का सामान्य ज्ञान

जी नहीं। वो वस्तु , (अंतरिक्ष की जगह), निरंतर , पृथ्वी के एक छोर से दूसरी छोर और वापिस पृथ्वी के केंद्र से हो के आती जाती रहेगी, जिसे सरल आवृति गति (Simple Harmonic motion ) कहते हैं। यह दीवाल घड़ी के पेण्डुलम जैसा होता है। इसे भौतिकी (Physics ) में ग्रेविटी टनल प्रॉब्लम (Gravity Tunnel Problem ) या gravity train problem बोलते हैं।

ऐसा इस कारण होता है , क्योंकि ज्यों ज्यों वस्तु पृथ्वी के केंद्र की ओर पहुँचती है त्यों त्यों पृथ्वी का प्रभावी द्रव्यमान (Effective mass) कम होता जाता है इस कारण वस्तु पर गुरुत्वाकर्षण के कारण लगता हुआ बल भी कम होते चला जाता है और पृथ्वी के केंद्र पर यह बल शून्य हो जाता है , वस्तु अपनी गतिक ऊर्जा के कारण पृथ्वी केंद्र से आगे बढ़ जाता है और शनै: शनै: गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल पुनः बढ़ने लगता है जो वस्तु को पृथ्वी सतह से वापिस खींच लेता है। पृथ्वी के एक छोर से दूसरे छोर तक इस वस्तु को जाने में 42 मिनट लगेगा। 

🎛️कुछ मज़ेदार तथ्य:--

▪️पृथ्वी के केंद्र पर वस्तु की गति 28,440 किलोमीटर/घंटा होगी। यह आवाज़ की गति (1235 कि मी/ घंटा) से 23 गुणा ज्यादा है ।

▪️पृथ्वी के केंद्र पर क्षण भर को भारहीनता का अनुभव होगा, क्योंकि बल शून्य है

▪️सुरंग के दोनों छोर जो पृथ्वी के सतह पर होंगे - वस्तु की गति शून्य, पर बल अधिकतम होगा

▪️सुरंग या पृथ्वी के केंद्र पर गति अधिकतम, पर बल शून्य होगा।

▪️वस्तु की अधिकतम गति -पृथ्वी के केंद्र पर - आवाज़ की 23 गुणी है। थोड़ी देर के लिए ये मान भी लें कि इसी गति से वस्तु पृथ्वी की सतह से बाहर निकल जाता है, तो भी वो अंतरिक्ष नहीं पहुँच पाएगा क्योंकि , अंतरिक्ष जाने के लिए पृथ्वी सतह पर न्यूनतम गति आवाज़ की 33 गुणी (40270 किलोमीटर/घंटा होनी चाहिए )

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क्या आपने कभी सोचा है? कहां जाती है हवा में फायर की गई बुलेट? ये रहा जवाब🔫

आज का सामान्य ज्ञान🎊

हमारे देश में कई मौकों पर फायरिंग की जाती है. सुरक्षाबल देश के दुश्मनों को मारने के लिए फायरिंग करते हैं तो पुलिसकर्मी अपराधियों को धर-दबोचने के लिए फायरिंग करते हैं. इनके अलावा कुछ अराजक तत्व दहशत फैलाने के लिए हवा में फायरिंग कर देते हैं. इतना ही नहीं, हमारे देश में शादी-ब्याह के मौकों पर भी फायरिंग की जाती है, जिसे हर्ष फायरिंग कहा जाता है. ये तो हम सभी जानते हैं कि बंदूक से निकलने वाली गोली इंसान के शरीर में घुसने के बाद उसे गंभीर रूप से घायल कर देती है और कई बार उसकी जान भी ले लेती है.

📌कहां जाती है हवा में फायर की गई बुलेट।।

इंसान पर की गई फायरिंग के दौरान बंदूक से निकली बुलेट उसके शरीर में प्रवेश करने के बाद अंदर ही रह जाती है या आरपार हो जाती है जबकि उसका खोखा या कवर बंदूक से फायरिंग करते समय वहीं गिर जाता है.

लेकिन क्या आप जानते हैं कि हवा में फायरिंग करने के बाद गोली कहां जाती है? यदि आपने कभी इस पर विचार नहीं किया तो आज हम आपको ऐसे ही कुछ पेचीदा सवालों के जवाब देने जा रहे हैं.

📌तीन हिस्सों से मिलकर बनता है कार्ट्रिज।।

फायरिंग की पूरी प्रक्रिया विज्ञान पर आधारित है. फायरिंग में इस्तेमाल होने वाली गोली के मूलतः तीन हिस्से होते हैं. बंदूक से निकलने वाली गोली को 'कार्ट्रिज' कहा जाता है. कार्ट्रिज के तीन हिस्से होते हैं.

इसके सबसे आगे वाले हिस्से को 'बुलेट' कहते हैं जो इंसान के शरीर में प्रवेश कर उसे गंभीर चोट पहुंचाता है. बीच वाले हिस्से को 'केस या खोखा' कहा जाता है, जिसमें बारूद भरा होता है.

कार्ट्रिज के सबसे पिछले हिस्से को 'प्राइमर कंपाउंड' कहा जाता है जो फायरिंग के वक्त बारूद में विस्फोट करता है. फायरिंग करते वक्त कार्ट्रिज का खोखा बंदूक से निकलकर वहीं गिर जाता है और बुलेट बंदूक से बाहर निकल जाती है.

📌क्या जमीन पर गिरते वक्त किसी की जान ले सकती है बुलेट।।

हवा में फायरिंग करने के मामले में बुलेट आसमान की ओर काफी लंबी दूरी तय करता है और फिर गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल की वजह से जमीन पर ही वापस लौटता है.

हवा में बुलेट का सफर हवा की गति और बंदूक की क्वालिटी पर निर्भर करता है. यदि ये बुलेट वापस जमीन पर गिरते समय किसी इंसान को चपेट में ले भी ले तो इसके ज्यादा खतरनाक नतीजे नहीं होते हालांकि कुछ इसके अपवाद भी मिलते हैं क्योंकि कभी-कभी यह जानलेवा भी साबित हुई है। 

सामान्यतः ज्यादा खतरनाक नहीं होती, इसकी सबसे बड़ी वजह ये है कि फायरिंग करते वक्त बुलेट जिस रफ्तार से सफर करती है, वापस आते वक्त इसकी रफ्तार कई गुना कम हो जाती है. हालांकि, यदि फायरिंग करते वक्त बुलेट किसी ठोस चीज से टकराकर वापस आ जाए तो ये खतरनाक हो सकती है.

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