𝗜𝗻𝗱𝘂𝘀 𝗥𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 :

The Indus System is one of the largest river basins of the world. Its basin covers a massive area of more than a million square kms. 

- The Indus river basin stretches from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the dry alluvial plains of Sindh province in Pakistan in the south. 

- India is named after the River Indus. One of the greatest ancient civilizations flourished along Indus named the Indus Valley Civilization. It is also called Sindhu in ancient time, the meaning of Sindhu is a “large body of water, sea, or ocean”.

- River Dolphin is one of the rarest mammals on earth only found in the Indus River. It was declared as the State aquatic animal in February 2019 by Punjab government. 

𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒚 :

 It was signed in Karachi on 19 September 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. The World Bank, as the third party, played an important role in crafting the IWT.

The Treaty gives control over the waters of the three "eastern rivers" — the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej to India, while control over the waters of the three "western rivers" — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan. India has about 20% of the total water carried by the Indus system while Pakistan has 80%. 

The treaty allows India to use the western river waters for limited irrigation use and unlimited non-consumptive use for such applications as power generation, navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. 

The Treaty is considered to be one of the most successful watersharing arrangements in the world.

There is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan regarding sharing the water of River Indus and its five major Indian tributaries, Chenab, Jhelum, Beas, Ravi and Sutlej. 

According to the agreement, the control over the water of the three western rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab, was given to Pakistan while that of the three eastern rivers, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, was given to India. 

The Indus river originates from the Bokhar Chu (glacier) in the Tibetan region in northern slopes of Mt. Kailash. In Tibet, it is known as ‘Singi Khamban; or Lion’s mouth.The Indus basin extends over China (Tibet), India, Afghanistan and Pakistan .

It enters into Pakistan near Chillar in the Dardistan region. 

Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River and Panjnad River which itself has five major tributaries, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal rivers.

Some important dams on Indus river are Baglihar Dam, Bhakra Dam india, Chamera Dam, Nathpa Jhakri Dam, Ranjit Sagar Dam etc.

𝑶𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔 :

The Indus is second among a group of ten rivers responsible for about 90% of all the plastic that reaches the oceans, after the Yangtze River.

Vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta are threatened by the reduced inflow of fresh water, along with extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming. 

Large scale diversion of water for irrigation is increasing soil salinization, reducing crop yields and in some cases rendering farmland useless for cultivation.